NBA & Linux Zola 2025-05-12T00:00:00+00:00 https://blog.sradjoker.cc/atom.xml 2024-06-14T00:00:00+00:00 2024-06-14T00:00:00+00:00 Unknown https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-draft-age-1/ <h3 id="analyzing-the-productivity-of-young-and-older-draft-prospects-in-the-nba"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#analyzing-the-productivity-of-young-and-older-draft-prospects-in-the-nba" aria-label="Anchor link for: analyzing-the-productivity-of-young-and-older-draft-prospects-in-the-nba">Analyzing the productivity of young and older draft prospects in the NBA</a></h3> <p>This blog post is Part I of a series of draft analysis articles I plan to write. The main goal of this study is to analyze the productivity of players drafted at different ages. </p> <h2 id="introduction"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#introduction" aria-label="Anchor link for: introduction">Introduction</a></h2> <p>This study was inspired by a <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/bballstrategy/status/1739082125054459906">discussion</a> I found on Twitter by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/bballstrategy">Crow</a>, <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/ChuckingDarts">Chucking Darts</a>, and <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/DraftDeeper">Nathan Grubel</a>. The beginning point of their conversation was the excellent play of [Craig Porter <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/StephNoh/status/1738926975824150849">Jr.</a>, an old undrafted rookie, playing for the Cleveland Cavaliers. Here is another <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/bballstrategy/status/1739324759274639486">thread</a> by Crow, expanding on the earlier discussion, making the case for teams to draft older, more productive players earlier in the draft, leading to me thinking that:</p> <blockquote> <p>NBA teams are addicted to potential and not production.</p> </blockquote> <p>So, I started an analysis to see if I could make a case for teams to draft older players earlier in the draft. Due to further discussions with <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/bballstrategy">Crow</a>, this analysis eventually evolved into something much more.</p> <h2 id="evaluation-method"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#evaluation-method" aria-label="Anchor link for: evaluation-method">Evaluation Method</a></h2> <p>I was considering several metrics for evaluation, including <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.basketball-reference.com/about/bpm2.html">BPM</a>, <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.bball-index.com/lebron-introduction/">LEBRON</a>, and <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://apanalytics.shinyapps.io/DARKO/">DARKO</a> in the form of DARKO Plus Minus (DPM). The metric I finally landed on was DARKO (DPM) due to the following reasons:</p> <ul> <li>It is a RAPM-based metric, unlike BPM, which is based purely on boxscore. This means that it has both a boxscore component and an on-off component. Some players are productive on the court despite not putting up huge stats, and DARKO covers them.</li> <li>It has data from the 1996-97 season (LEBRON has data only from the 2008-09 season onwards), giving me more players to analyze. So this analysis covers players drafted in 28 seasons from 1996 onwards, which counts to 1458 players.</li> <li>DPM is calculated daily, so I have much richer (granular) data, thus allowing me to use career game numbers as an evaluation method (to be discussed later).</li> <li>This data is available publicly via an <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://apanalytics.shinyapps.io/DARKO/">app</a> or as a <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1mhwOLqPu2F9026EQiVxFPIN1t9RGafGpl-dokaIsm9c/htmlview#">Google sheet</a>. <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/kmedved">Kostya Medvedovsky</a> was kind enough to provide me with historical daily data used in this study.</li> </ul> <p>After choosing the evaluation metric, I had to decide how to use it. I first wanted to check if the draft pick was a success, i.e., if the player was successful in his career. I define success as:</p> <blockquote> <p>A player is considered successful if he reached a value of DPM&gt;=0 at least once in his career.</p> </blockquote> <p>As a RAPM-based metric, DPM is regularized at 0, i.e., the average (mean and not median) value of DPM for the league is 0. A player with a DPM of zero can be considered a positive player on the court. Positive players comprise approximately 1/3 of the active players in the NBA. So, if a player is a positive player for at least one game, I consider his career successful.</p> <p>DARKO is predictive in nature:</p> <blockquote> <p>DARKO considers every NBA game a player has ever played in making its projections, weighing each game as appropriate based on recency, with the weights varying by stat being projected.</p> </blockquote> <p>The projection aspect of DARKO is another reason why it is a suitable method for this style of analysis. The player is projected to have a positive impact on the next game if he has a DPM value of 0. </p> <p>The second evaluation method I choose is the player's peak performance. The value of maximum DPM throughout his career gives us a reasonable estimate of the player's peak performance. So, in this study, I will evaluate the peak impact of the player, in addition to the player's just being successful.</p> <h2 id="success-of-players"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#success-of-players" aria-label="Anchor link for: success-of-players">Success % of Players</a></h2> <p>First, I study the number of successful players sorted by the draft age. The age groups I've chosen are 19 (including 18-year-olds), 20, 21, 22, and 23. </p> <img src="./nba_draft_age_1.png" width="640" height="480"> <p>Players drafted at the age of 20 have the highest success rate at 62.8%, followed by players drafted at 19 with 59.7%. The success rate then drops every age from 21 to 23, with 23-year-olds only having a success rate of 41.4%</p> <p>Here is the <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://builtin.com/data-science/boxplot">boxplot</a> of career games taken to reach the positive DPM value, i.e., DPM&gt;=0. Career games taken to reach positive DPM value measure how long a player takes to become productive. </p> <img src="./nba_draft_age_2.png" width="640" height="480"> <p>The table below shows detailed stats of the same information. The percentages shown here are the percentiles. Other columns include the number of players, such as the count, mean, min, max, and standard deviation.</p> <table><thead><tr><th style="text-align: right"></th><th style="text-align: right">Draft Age</th><th style="text-align: right">count</th><th style="text-align: right">mean</th><th style="text-align: right">min</th><th style="text-align: right">25%</th><th style="text-align: right">50%</th><th style="text-align: right">75%</th><th style="text-align: right">max</th><th style="text-align: right">std</th></tr></thead><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: right">1</td><td style="text-align: right">19</td><td style="text-align: right">71</td><td style="text-align: right">143</td><td style="text-align: right">2</td><td style="text-align: right">38</td><td style="text-align: right">100</td><td style="text-align: right">190</td><td style="text-align: right">661</td><td style="text-align: right">136</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">2</td><td style="text-align: right">20</td><td style="text-align: right">164</td><td style="text-align: right">149</td><td style="text-align: right">2</td><td style="text-align: right">42</td><td style="text-align: right">114</td><td style="text-align: right">212</td><td style="text-align: right">758</td><td style="text-align: right">133</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">3</td><td style="text-align: right">21</td><td style="text-align: right">140</td><td style="text-align: right">153</td><td style="text-align: right">2</td><td style="text-align: right">52</td><td style="text-align: right">104</td><td style="text-align: right">198</td><td style="text-align: right">743</td><td style="text-align: right">144</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">4</td><td style="text-align: right">22</td><td style="text-align: right">153</td><td style="text-align: right">133</td><td style="text-align: right">3</td><td style="text-align: right">44</td><td style="text-align: right">105</td><td style="text-align: right">185</td><td style="text-align: right">536</td><td style="text-align: right">111</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">5</td><td style="text-align: right">23</td><td style="text-align: right">134</td><td style="text-align: right">157</td><td style="text-align: right">1</td><td style="text-align: right">59</td><td style="text-align: right">116</td><td style="text-align: right">244</td><td style="text-align: right">539</td><td style="text-align: right">130</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>We can see that the median(50th percentile) game number to reach positive DPM for all ages is very similar, ranging from 100-116 games. This means a player can be a positive player within 1.5 seasons of their career in the NBA. The 25th percentile values show that 19-year-olds first took 38 games. 23-year-olds are slowest here, taking 59 games. 75th percentile values take anywhere between 185 to 244 games, which turns out to be in the 3rd season of NBA careers. So, 75% of drafted NBA players who turn out to be positive players do so within three seasons. This result is so interesting to me because of this take I have had for so many years now:</p> <blockquote> <p>I always say that we have to take at least 3 years to decide whether a young player is good or not. I evaluate young players only after they spend 3 seasons in the NBA.</p> </blockquote> <p>It's nice to see the data back up my take. Also, I expected older drafted players (22, 23-year-olds) to have less variance than younger players. Surprisingly, this is true for 22-year-olds but not for 23-year-olds. In fact, 23-year-olds have the highest variance among all five age groups. Maybe this is because some older drafted players aren't talented enough to become productive players in the NBA.</p> <h2 id="success-of-players-grouped-by-pick-number"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#success-of-players-grouped-by-pick-number" aria-label="Anchor link for: success-of-players-grouped-by-pick-number">Success % of Players Grouped by Pick Number</a></h2> <p>We've seen the overall trends of all drafted players. But not all drafted players are the same. In the draft, the players who are projected to be better are drafted earlier. Hence, where a player is drafted is a measure of his projected talent and plays a huge role in discussing how a player has panned out. </p> <p>Let's start by looking at the success percentages of players grouped by draft positions. Here are the groups I've chosen after consulting with other people:</p> <ul> <li>Picks 1-5</li> <li>Picks 6-14</li> <li>Picks 15-21</li> <li>Picks 21-30</li> <li>R2: Picks 1-9</li> <li>R2: Picks 10-30</li> </ul> <img src="./nba_draft_age_3.png" width="640" height="480"> <p>We see that players picked from 1-5 in the 1st round have a very high success rate of ~80%, regardless of the age at which they were drafted. Picks 6-14 have a success rate of ~70%, except for 19-year-olds. Players drafted at 19 years in picks 6-14 have a success rate of 50%, which is lower than the success rate of 19-year-olds drafted in picks 15-30 and also picks 1-9 in the 2nd round.</p> <blockquote> <p>I see a high bust potential of very young players drafted in mid-late lottery. Historic data shows that teams are better off drafting 20-year-olds with those picks.</p> </blockquote> <p>Players drafted between picks 15-21 have a success rate between 55-60%, except for 23-year-olds, who have a lower rate at 50%. Similarly, players drafted between picks 22-30 have a success rate of ~58% across different age groups, except for 23-year-olds, who have a lower rate of 52%. It's interesting to see that players with non-lottery draft picks (i.e., Picks 15-30) have similar success rates. In general, older players (22, 23-year-olds) drafted in non-lottery 1st round over-perform average success rate, while the younger players are at the average success rate. </p> <p>In the second round, the only group with a success rate above 50% is the 19-year-olds drafted in picks 1-9, with a value of 54%.</p> <blockquote> <p>19-year-olds drafted early in 2nd round have similar success rates to 19 year drafted in 1st round between picks 6-30. This makes early 2nd picks more valuable and I think Front offices should exploit it more. </p> </blockquote> <p>Similarly, from picks 10-30 in the 2nd round, 19-year-olds have the highest success rate at 45%. But, in general, apart from 19-year-olds, the players drafted in the 2nd round have a success rate of 40%.</p> <h2 id="peak-performance-of-players"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#peak-performance-of-players" aria-label="Anchor link for: peak-performance-of-players">Peak Performance of Players</a></h2> <p>We've seen the success rate of drafted players in the previous section. Now, let's look at the peak performance of players. Here is the boxplot of the maximum DPM of a player's career, grouped by Player age. </p> <img src="./nba_draft_age_4.png" width="640" height="480"> <p>The table below shows detailed stats of the same information. The percentages shown here are the percentiles. Other columns include the number of players, such as the count, mean, min, max, and standard deviation.</p> <table><thead><tr><th style="text-align: right"></th><th style="text-align: right">Draft Age</th><th style="text-align: right">count</th><th style="text-align: right">mean</th><th style="text-align: right">min</th><th style="text-align: right">25%</th><th style="text-align: right">50%</th><th style="text-align: right">75%</th><th style="text-align: right">max</th><th style="text-align: right">std</th></tr></thead><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: right">1</td><td style="text-align: right">19</td><td style="text-align: right">119</td><td style="text-align: right">1</td><td style="text-align: right">-2.4</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.7</td><td style="text-align: right">0.4</td><td style="text-align: right">2.3</td><td style="text-align: right">9.5</td><td style="text-align: right">2.2</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">2</td><td style="text-align: right">20</td><td style="text-align: right">261</td><td style="text-align: right">0.8</td><td style="text-align: right">-3.1</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.7</td><td style="text-align: right">0.6</td><td style="text-align: right">2</td><td style="text-align: right">8.5</td><td style="text-align: right">2</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">3</td><td style="text-align: right">21</td><td style="text-align: right">253</td><td style="text-align: right">0.6</td><td style="text-align: right">-2.7</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.9</td><td style="text-align: right">0.2</td><td style="text-align: right">1.5</td><td style="text-align: right">8.4</td><td style="text-align: right">2</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">4</td><td style="text-align: right">22</td><td style="text-align: right">293</td><td style="text-align: right">0.4</td><td style="text-align: right">-2.8</td><td style="text-align: right">-1</td><td style="text-align: right">0.1</td><td style="text-align: right">1.4</td><td style="text-align: right">10.4</td><td style="text-align: right">1.8</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">5</td><td style="text-align: right">23</td><td style="text-align: right">319</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.1</td><td style="text-align: right">-3.3</td><td style="text-align: right">-1.3</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.3</td><td style="text-align: right">0.8</td><td style="text-align: right">6.5</td><td style="text-align: right">1.6</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The median (50% percentile) is highest for 20-year-olds, with a value of 0.6. Otherwise, the median for max DPM decreases with age 19-23 years, with only 23-year-olds having a negative value. We can also see that the variance in maximum DPM decreases with age. That is, younger drafted players have a higher variability in peak performance than older drafted players. This makes sense as young players come into the league raw and generally have to be developed to reach their peak performance. Meanwhile, older players come into the league more polished, having spent their developmental years in college/elsewhere, and their development in the league is minimal.</p> <p>Now we look at the median (50% percentile) of maximum DPM sorted by Pick numbers as we did in previous sections:</p> <img src="./nba_draft_age_5.png" width="640" height="480"> <p>The players drafted at the age of 19-20 with picks 1-5 have the highest peak with max DPM &gt;2. Players of those ages drafted with other picks have a much lower max DPM with values &lt;0.5. For picks 5-30 and 2nd round picks 1-9, the max DPM values are between 0 and 0.5, but for 2nd round picks 10-30, the max DPM values are ~ -1.</p> <p>Late 2nd rounders have a max DPM of ~ -1 for age ranges. Meanwhile, early 2nd rounders have positive DPM for 19-year-olds but negative DPM values for all other age ranges.</p> <p>Returning to the first round, the maximum DPM values of players drafted from 15-30 (mid-late 1st round) is between 0 and 0.5. This means that while they're positive players, it is hard for them to be very good players with DPM&gt;1. </p> <p>Looking at the lottery picks, for 21-23 year-olds drafted in with picks 1-5, all have max DPM&gt;1. Players of that age drafted with picks 6-14 have a max DPM&gt;0.5. </p> <p>A surprising result is with picks 6-14, players with draft age 22 are the most positive, with the only group with max DPM&gt;1. Players with draft ages 20, 21, and 23 have values between 0.5 and 1. But players with a draft age of 19 have a maximum DPM of only 0.1. This confirms my statement in an earlier section that I see a high bust potential of 19-year-olds drafted in the mid to late lottery.</p> <h2 id="parting-thoughts"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#parting-thoughts" aria-label="Anchor link for: parting-thoughts">Parting Thoughts</a></h2> <p>In this study, I analyze the success rate and peak performance of drafted NBA players with draft age as the primary sorting mechanism. Further effects of what pick number the player is drafted at (a measure of talent) are also analyzed. Here are some of the takeaways:</p> <ul> <li>75% of drafted NBA players who turn out to be positive players do so within three seasons.</li> <li>I see a high bust potential of very young players drafted in the mid to late lottery.</li> <li>On average, older drafted players (22-23 year-olds) are less productive than younger drafted players, but draft position matters for the age comparison. </li> <li>Older players drafted at picks 1-5 have an 80% success rate, while those drafted at picks 6-15 have a 70% success rate, similar to players drafted at other ages at those picks.</li> </ul> <blockquote> <p>This means that older drafted players have a pathway to be successful, especially if they are talented enough to be drafted in the lottery. Hence, a simple, exclusive bias toward younger players does not always bear out.</p> </blockquote> <p>I want to thank <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/bballstrategy">Crow</a>, <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/kmedved">Kostya Medvedovsky</a>, and <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/knarsu3">Krishna Narsu</a>, whose discussions and inputs were valuable to this study. Thank you for reading, and any feedback is appreciated. You can reach me on Twitter at <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA">@SravanNBA</a>. Retweets and other forms of sharing this article are welcome and appreciated.</p> <h2 id="additional-reading"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#additional-reading" aria-label="Anchor link for: additional-reading">Additional Reading</a></h2> <ul> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.bourbonstreetshots.com/2020/07/28/what-is-the-best-way-to-draft/">What is the best way to draft?</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/FearTheBrown">Shamit Dua</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://theathletic.com/3691009/2022/10/24/player-birthday-college-nba/?source=user_shared_article">Why a player’s birthday can matter so much for college, NBA success</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/cjmoorehoops">CJ Moore</a></li> </ul> 2024-03-15T00:00:00+00:00 2024-03-15T00:00:00+00:00 Unknown https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-off-drop/ <p>NBA offenses used to score a lot earlier this season, why aren't they not scoring as much?</p> <h2 id="introduction"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#introduction" aria-label="Anchor link for: introduction">Introduction</a></h2> <p>This is the question which is in the minds of many NBA fans over the past 2 weeks. Many fans and people who cover the NBA have observed that scoring is down in NBA after the all star break. First person who noticed it and analyzed this drop is <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/tomhaberstroh/status/1763659791061143881">Tom Haberstroh</a>. Unfortunately the excellent analysis by Tom is behind a paywall. <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/LevAkabas/status/1763941905925050613">Lev Akabas</a> from Sportico was the first person in the public sphere to attribute this to the drop in shooting fouls. <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/NateDuncanNBA/status/1766210436825788877">Nate Duncan and Seth Partnow</a> have also tried to attribute the drop in offense to how the fouls were called but that too is unfortunately hidden behind a paywall. Since paywalls were preventing me to see the reasons behind the drop in offense, I started doing statistical analysis of the drop in offense on March 6 and tried to find reasons behind the phenomena over the past 10 days, resulting in these tweets: <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://x.com/SravanNBA/status/1765527432382292152">1</a>, <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://x.com/SravanNBA/status/1765531685008126222">2</a>, <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://x.com/SravanNBA/status/1765547650659877073">3</a>, <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://x.com/SravanNBA/status/1765548437502853625">4</a>, <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA/status/1767193986060726676">5</a>, <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA/status/1767235318246502660">6</a>, <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA/status/1767606753813041373">7</a>, <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA/status/1767623246126747776">8</a>. </p> <p>I feel that I analysis I did is not consolidated and thus didn't tell a full story for people who have followed my work. Only public article which tackled these issues is by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/zachkram/status/1768295800512156046">Zach Kram</a> on <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.theringer.com/nba/2024/3/14/24100106/dallas-mavericks-anthony-edwards-nba-offense-fouls-pace-kram-session">TheRinger</a>, who referenced my <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA/status/1768282951568211978">work</a>. So here is a blog post, which will try to consolidate my previous spread out work with updated data and try to tell the story of offenses during the 2023-24 NBA Season.</p> <h2 id="drop-in-offense"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#drop-in-offense" aria-label="Anchor link for: drop-in-offense">Drop in Offense</a></h2> <p>The first question is to look at the offensive rating trends during the season. To do this, I calculated the average offensive rating of each game day i.e. of all games played during a day. I then plotted the trend-line of the offensive rating using <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_regression">local regression</a>(LOESS):</p> <img src="./nba_off_drop_1.png" width="500" > <p>We see that league average offense rose more than 5 points during the month of November, before stabilizing during December and January, staying almost flat during those those months. Then after Jan 31, 2024, we see a sharp drop of almost 4 points. The drop happened for he whole month of February, before finally stabilizing in the month of March.</p> <p>Now lets compare this trend to the last 5 seasons:</p> <img src="./nba_off_drop_2.png" width="500" > <p>We see that league average offenses outside of this season keep increasing during the first few months of the season before taking a dip before the all the break. Then the offenses keep increasing till the season end. The only outlier is this season, where we see a sharp drop in offensive rating even before the all star break and then no recovery after the all star break.</p> <p>So we have seen above that the drop in offensive rating is an anomaly which doesn't occur in other seasons. Now's lets try to find reasons behind why this drop occurred this season</p> <h1 id="drop-in-fouls"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#drop-in-fouls" aria-label="Anchor link for: drop-in-fouls">Drop in Fouls</a></h1> <p>First place to look for is places other people have already looked i.e. fouls:</p> <img src="./nba_off_drop_3.png" width="500" > <p>We can see that there is a downward trend in fouls in all of the last 5 seasons, including this season. In many seasons the drop is steep at the beginning of the season and then stabilizing afterwards with little to no change. Other seasons have a sharp drop at the end of the season. But no season has a drop in fouls in the middle of the season like the 2023-24 season. And the plot shows that there are two rates of decrease in fouls, the slower rate (smaller slope) for the first 70 game days and then the faster rate (larger slope) afterwards. This results in the lowest foul rate in past 5 seasons. But the shape of the trend line in this plot doesn't exactly track with the shape of the trend line first plot. So, I went looking for other reasons to why there is a drop in offensive rating and found it.</p> <h2 id="drop-in-free-throw-attempts"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#drop-in-free-throw-attempts" aria-label="Anchor link for: drop-in-free-throw-attempts">Drop in Free Throw Attempts:</a></h2> <p>Now, let's look at the trend in Free Throw Attempts(FTA):</p> <img src="./nba_off_drop_4.png" width="500" > <p>FTA for past five seasons, excluding this one shows no particular trend. But for this season, we see a sharp drop off after game day 80, which tracks almost exactly with the drop in offensive rating. &gt;So, we finally found the reason: free throws</p> <p>i.e. the referees are just not calling shooting fouls, resulting in lower free throws. Let's now analyze the drop in free throws in detail.</p> <h2 id="fta-change-per-team"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#fta-change-per-team" aria-label="Anchor link for: fta-change-per-team">FTA change per team</a></h2> <p>As noted earlier, the drop in offensive ratings happen after <strong>Jan 31,2024</strong>. I will due that date as a separating line i.e. all games played on or before that date belong to the <strong>before</strong> category and all games played after that date belong to the <strong>after</strong> category. This table shows which teams were most effected by the decrease in FTA:</p> <img src="./nba_off_drop_5.png" width="500" > <p>We see all teams, except for the Chicago Bulls see a drop in FTA. The drop in FTA for the two teams on the top can be easily explained with the Joel Embiid and the Julius Randle injuries. But for the other teams: not so much. Interestingly, most teams in the Top 10 in FTA drop are playoff race (top 6 seeds), except for the Warriors who are in the play-in race. This includes the top 2 seeds in both conferences: BOS, MIL, DEN and OKC. The teams in the bottom 5 in this table are all bad teams (again, except for the Bulls).</p> <h2 id="fta-change-in-players"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#fta-change-in-players" aria-label="Anchor link for: fta-change-in-players">FTA change in players</a></h2> <p>This table shows which players had the largest drop in FTA:</p> <img src="./nba_off_drop_6.png" width="500" > <p>Interesting to see that most of this list is made of guards, including some star ones like Damian Lillard, Steph Curry, Fox, Trae Young, Haliburton and Luka Doncic. There are some forwards too including: Tatum, Hayward, Mikal, Keldon and Siakam. Only centers are Bam and Bagley.</p> <h2 id="change-in-individual-foul-types"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#change-in-individual-foul-types" aria-label="Anchor link for: change-in-individual-foul-types">Change in Individual Foul Types:</a></h2> <p>In this section we'll look at the detailed breakdown in the decrease in fouls, i.e. looking at the changes in the individual foul types. This data is obtained by parsing play-by-play and is taken from pbpstats.com.</p> <img src="./nba_off_drop_7.png" width="500" > <p>We see that there is a 9.3% drop in both overall fouls and shooting fouls.The foul categories which have the largest drops are charges, and defensive three seconds. This shows that more physical play is allowed to occur in the paint area.</p> <h2 id="change-in-individual-fta-types"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#change-in-individual-fta-types" aria-label="Anchor link for: change-in-individual-fta-types">Change in Individual FTA Types:</a></h2> <p>In this section we'll look at the detailed breakdown in the decrease in FTA, i.e. looking at the changes in the individual FTA types. This data is obtained by parsing play-by-play and is taken from pbpstats.com.</p> <img src="./nba_off_drop_8.png" width="500" > <p>We see that FTA have show a larger decrease (11.6%) compared to fouls (9.3%). There has also been a drop in non shooting fouls (22%) i.e. less fouls in the bonus. Technical free throws also have a 22% drop. </p> <h2 id="conclusions"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#conclusions" aria-label="Anchor link for: conclusions">Conclusions</a></h2> <p>In this article, I analyze the trends in the drop in offensive rating and find reasons behind the drop. The main reason is drop in FTA, which the drop in offensive rating is highly correlated to. I also try to analyze which teams and players see the largest changes in FTA and finally analyze the drops in individual categories of fouls and FTA.</p> <p>Thank you for reading, and any feedback is appreciated. You can reach me on Twitter at <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA">@SravanNBA</a>.</p> 2024-02-18T00:00:00+00:00 2024-02-18T00:00:00+00:00 Unknown https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-shot-quality-2/ <p>My second attempt at creating a shot quality model using publicly available NBA data. First attempt is <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-shot-quality-1/">here</a>.</p> <h2 id="introduction"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#introduction" aria-label="Anchor link for: introduction">Introduction</a></h2> <p>As I noted in my previous <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-shot-quality-1/">blog</a>, only shot location is not a holistic way of looking at shot quality and there should be other factors like shot type, defender distance, touch time, dribble etc. which need to be incorporated in the model. So this model, which I named <code>SSQM v2.0</code> is an attempt to include those factors. </p> <h2 id="methodology"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#methodology" aria-label="Anchor link for: methodology">Methodology</a></h2> <h3 id="approach-using-shot-tracking-data"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#approach-using-shot-tracking-data" aria-label="Anchor link for: approach-using-shot-tracking-data">Approach: Using Shot Tracking Data</a></h3> <p><code>SSQM v2.0</code> is heavily inspired by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/automaticnba/status/1734321299680305235?s=20">AutomaticNBA's shot quality model</a>, which uses NBA shot tracking data to categorize shots by defender distance and shot type. I'm extending AutomaticNBA's model by adding touch time as an additional category. The categories in my model are:</p> <ol> <li>Shot Type: <code>Catch and Shoot</code>, <code>Pullups</code>, <code>Less Than 10 ft</code></li> <li>Defender Distance: <code>0-2 Feet - Very Tight</code>, <code>2-4 Feet - Tight</code>, <code>4-6 Feet - Open</code>, <code>6+ Feet - Wide Open</code></li> <li>Touch Time: <code>Touch &lt; 2 Seconds</code>, <code>Touch 2-6 Seconds</code>, <code>Touch 6+ Seconds</code></li> </ol> <h3 id="approach-binning-shots"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#approach-binning-shots" aria-label="Anchor link for: approach-binning-shots">Approach: Binning Shots</a></h3> <p>There are 3 shot types, 4 defender distance and 3 touch times for the shots tracked by NBA. So we have $3\times 4\times 3=36$ shot bins. The actual number is 28 categories since Catch and shoot shots don't have touch times greater than 2 seconds. So, we have to bin the shots into 28 different categories, for each player and overall for the league. Following the same approach as <code>SSQM v1.0</code>, I use league average for each bin as the expected <code>FG%</code> or <code>xFG</code> in my model. Then determine the shot quality metrics based on the <code>xFG</code> for each bin.<br /> The method to calculate the shot quality metrics can be found <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-shot-quality-1/#developing-the-shot-quality-model-metrics">here</a>.</p> <h2 id="results"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#results" aria-label="Anchor link for: results">Results</a></h2> <p>Now that I have a Shot Quality Model based on defender distance, shot type, and touch time, I ran it for the 2023-24 NBA season to generate the shot quality metrics for all players. An issue here is that there are players who have not attempted many shots but made most of them. We need to filter those players out, which can be accomplished by removing players who have scored less than 100 points.</p> <h3 id="best-shot-makers"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#best-shot-makers" aria-label="Anchor link for: best-shot-makers">Best Shot Makers</a></h3> <p>Here are the best shot makers in the league i.e. the players having the highest <code>Shot Making</code> values:</p> <table><thead><tr><th style="text-align: right"></th><th style="text-align: left">Player</th><th style="text-align: left">Team</th><th style="text-align: right">FGM</th><th style="text-align: right">FGA</th><th style="text-align: right">PTS</th><th style="text-align: right">xPTS</th><th style="text-align: right">eFG</th><th style="text-align: right">xeFG</th><th style="text-align: right">Shot_Making</th><th style="text-align: right">Points_Added</th></tr></thead><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: right">1</td><td style="text-align: left">Garrison Mathews</td><td style="text-align: left">Atlanta Hawks</td><td style="text-align: right">45</td><td style="text-align: right">99</td><td style="text-align: right">130</td><td style="text-align: right">104.39</td><td style="text-align: right">0.657</td><td style="text-align: right">0.527</td><td style="text-align: right">0.259</td><td style="text-align: right">25.6</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">2</td><td style="text-align: left">Kevin Durant</td><td style="text-align: left">Phoenix Suns</td><td style="text-align: right">491</td><td style="text-align: right">911</td><td style="text-align: right">1067</td><td style="text-align: right">856.66</td><td style="text-align: right">0.596</td><td style="text-align: right">0.479</td><td style="text-align: right">0.235</td><td style="text-align: right">214.1</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">3</td><td style="text-align: left">Jalen Smith</td><td style="text-align: left">Indiana Pacers</td><td style="text-align: right">159</td><td style="text-align: right">251</td><td style="text-align: right">356</td><td style="text-align: right">301.35</td><td style="text-align: right">0.721</td><td style="text-align: right">0.61</td><td style="text-align: right">0.221</td><td style="text-align: right">55.5</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">4</td><td style="text-align: left">Matt Ryan</td><td style="text-align: left">New Orleans Pelicans</td><td style="text-align: right">38</td><td style="text-align: right">85</td><td style="text-align: right">108</td><td style="text-align: right">90.18</td><td style="text-align: right">0.635</td><td style="text-align: right">0.53</td><td style="text-align: right">0.21</td><td style="text-align: right">17.8</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">5</td><td style="text-align: left">Nicolas Batum</td><td style="text-align: left">Philadelphia 76ers</td><td style="text-align: right">70</td><td style="text-align: right">135</td><td style="text-align: right">184</td><td style="text-align: right">155.98</td><td style="text-align: right">0.681</td><td style="text-align: right">0.578</td><td style="text-align: right">0.208</td><td style="text-align: right">28.1</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">6</td><td style="text-align: left">Amir Coffey</td><td style="text-align: left">LA Clippers</td><td style="text-align: right">90</td><td style="text-align: right">161</td><td style="text-align: right">215</td><td style="text-align: right">181.86</td><td style="text-align: right">0.668</td><td style="text-align: right">0.565</td><td style="text-align: right">0.206</td><td style="text-align: right">33.2</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">7</td><td style="text-align: left">Sam Merrill</td><td style="text-align: left">Cleveland Cavaliers</td><td style="text-align: right">100</td><td style="text-align: right">228</td><td style="text-align: right">287</td><td style="text-align: right">240.32</td><td style="text-align: right">0.629</td><td style="text-align: right">0.527</td><td style="text-align: right">0.205</td><td style="text-align: right">46.7</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">8</td><td style="text-align: left">Malik Beasley</td><td style="text-align: left">Milwaukee Bucks</td><td style="text-align: right">222</td><td style="text-align: right">474</td><td style="text-align: right">591</td><td style="text-align: right">503.12</td><td style="text-align: right">0.629</td><td style="text-align: right">0.535</td><td style="text-align: right">0.187</td><td style="text-align: right">88.6</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">9</td><td style="text-align: left">Dante Exum</td><td style="text-align: left">Dallas Mavericks</td><td style="text-align: right">116</td><td style="text-align: right">203</td><td style="text-align: right">263</td><td style="text-align: right">227.43</td><td style="text-align: right">0.648</td><td style="text-align: right">0.56</td><td style="text-align: right">0.175</td><td style="text-align: right">35.5</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">10</td><td style="text-align: left">Aaron Wiggins</td><td style="text-align: left">Oklahoma City Thunder</td><td style="text-align: right">123</td><td style="text-align: right">211</td><td style="text-align: right">284</td><td style="text-align: right">247.71</td><td style="text-align: right">0.683</td><td style="text-align: right">0.595</td><td style="text-align: right">0.174</td><td style="text-align: right">36.7</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Most of the players in this list are movement three point shooters. An interesting observation is that 6 players on this list are common to both <code>SSQM v1.0</code> and <code>SSQM v2.0</code>. So, best shooters show up regardless of the shot quality model used. </p> <h3 id="worst-shot-makers"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#worst-shot-makers" aria-label="Anchor link for: worst-shot-makers">Worst Shot Makers</a></h3> <p>Here are the worst shot makers in the league i.e. the players having the lowest <code>Shot Making</code> values:</p> <table><thead><tr><th style="text-align: right"></th><th style="text-align: left">Player</th><th style="text-align: left">Team</th><th style="text-align: right">FGM</th><th style="text-align: right">FGA</th><th style="text-align: right">PTS</th><th style="text-align: right">xPTS</th><th style="text-align: right">eFG</th><th style="text-align: right">xeFG</th><th style="text-align: right">Shot_Making</th><th style="text-align: right">Points_Added</th></tr></thead><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: right">1</td><td style="text-align: left">Xavier Tillman</td><td style="text-align: left">Boston Celtics</td><td style="text-align: right">87</td><td style="text-align: right">210</td><td style="text-align: right">186</td><td style="text-align: right">251.46</td><td style="text-align: right">0.443</td><td style="text-align: right">0.599</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.312</td><td style="text-align: right">-65.5</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">2</td><td style="text-align: left">JT Thor</td><td style="text-align: left">Charlotte Hornets</td><td style="text-align: right">51</td><td style="text-align: right">139</td><td style="text-align: right">119</td><td style="text-align: right">153.99</td><td style="text-align: right">0.434</td><td style="text-align: right">0.562</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.255</td><td style="text-align: right">-35.4</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">3</td><td style="text-align: left">Josh Okogie</td><td style="text-align: left">Phoenix Suns</td><td style="text-align: right">76</td><td style="text-align: right">181</td><td style="text-align: right">170</td><td style="text-align: right">212.08</td><td style="text-align: right">0.475</td><td style="text-align: right">0.592</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.235</td><td style="text-align: right">-42.5</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">4</td><td style="text-align: left">Chris Duarte</td><td style="text-align: left">Sacramento Kings</td><td style="text-align: right">47</td><td style="text-align: right">129</td><td style="text-align: right">114</td><td style="text-align: right">142.15</td><td style="text-align: right">0.445</td><td style="text-align: right">0.555</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.22</td><td style="text-align: right">-28.4</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">5</td><td style="text-align: left">Isaiah Livers</td><td style="text-align: left">Washington Wizards</td><td style="text-align: right">40</td><td style="text-align: right">114</td><td style="text-align: right">102</td><td style="text-align: right">126.59</td><td style="text-align: right">0.447</td><td style="text-align: right">0.555</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.216</td><td style="text-align: right">-24.6</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">6</td><td style="text-align: left">Scoot Henderson</td><td style="text-align: left">Portland Trail Blazers</td><td style="text-align: right">190</td><td style="text-align: right">506</td><td style="text-align: right">426</td><td style="text-align: right">530.18</td><td style="text-align: right">0.426</td><td style="text-align: right">0.53</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.208</td><td style="text-align: right">-105.2</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">7</td><td style="text-align: left">Mike Muscala</td><td style="text-align: left">Detroit Pistons</td><td style="text-align: right">48</td><td style="text-align: right">133</td><td style="text-align: right">123</td><td style="text-align: right">149.01</td><td style="text-align: right">0.466</td><td style="text-align: right">0.564</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.197</td><td style="text-align: right">-26.2</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">8</td><td style="text-align: left">David Roddy</td><td style="text-align: left">Phoenix Suns</td><td style="text-align: right">153</td><td style="text-align: right">379</td><td style="text-align: right">354</td><td style="text-align: right">428.67</td><td style="text-align: right">0.467</td><td style="text-align: right">0.566</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.197</td><td style="text-align: right">-74.7</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">9</td><td style="text-align: left">Jaylin Williams</td><td style="text-align: left">Oklahoma City Thunder</td><td style="text-align: right">57</td><td style="text-align: right">149</td><td style="text-align: right">144</td><td style="text-align: right">172.51</td><td style="text-align: right">0.49</td><td style="text-align: right">0.587</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.194</td><td style="text-align: right">-28.9</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">10</td><td style="text-align: left">Cam Reddish</td><td style="text-align: left">Los Angeles Lakers</td><td style="text-align: right">80</td><td style="text-align: right">199</td><td style="text-align: right">191</td><td style="text-align: right">227.41</td><td style="text-align: right">0.48</td><td style="text-align: right">0.571</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.183</td><td style="text-align: right">-36.4</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>9 players on this list are common to both <code>SSQM v1.0</code> and <code>SSQM v2.0</code>, but in a different order. Most of these players are end of bench players, except Scoot Henderson who is having a rough start to his NBA career.</p> <h3 id="most-points-added-best-volume-shot-makers"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#most-points-added-best-volume-shot-makers" aria-label="Anchor link for: most-points-added-best-volume-shot-makers">Most Points Added: Best Volume Shot Makers</a></h3> <p>Just looking at <code>Shot Making</code> doesn't tell the whole story of best shot makers in the league. The <code>Shot Making</code> value is actualized only if the players are taking lots of the shots. So the best shot makers in the league are who make lots of shots at high volume. To differentiate these players (who are all stars) from best players in <code>Shot Making</code> metric, I call them <strong>Volume Shot Makers</strong>. These players are players who have the highest <code>Points Added</code> Metric:</p> <table><thead><tr><th style="text-align: right"></th><th style="text-align: left">Player</th><th style="text-align: left">Team</th><th style="text-align: right">FGM</th><th style="text-align: right">FGA</th><th style="text-align: right">PTS</th><th style="text-align: right">xPTS</th><th style="text-align: right">eFG</th><th style="text-align: right">xeFG</th><th style="text-align: right">Shot_Making</th><th style="text-align: right">Points_Added</th></tr></thead><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: right">1</td><td style="text-align: left">Kevin Durant</td><td style="text-align: left">Phoenix Suns</td><td style="text-align: right">491</td><td style="text-align: right">911</td><td style="text-align: right">1067</td><td style="text-align: right">856.66</td><td style="text-align: right">0.596</td><td style="text-align: right">0.479</td><td style="text-align: right">0.235</td><td style="text-align: right">214.1</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">2</td><td style="text-align: left">Luka Doncic</td><td style="text-align: left">Dallas Mavericks</td><td style="text-align: right">542</td><td style="text-align: right">1101</td><td style="text-align: right">1254</td><td style="text-align: right">1102.56</td><td style="text-align: right">0.573</td><td style="text-align: right">0.503</td><td style="text-align: right">0.138</td><td style="text-align: right">151.9</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">3</td><td style="text-align: left">Shai Gilgeous-Alexander</td><td style="text-align: left">Oklahoma City Thunder</td><td style="text-align: right">580</td><td style="text-align: right">1063</td><td style="text-align: right">1225</td><td style="text-align: right">1084.6</td><td style="text-align: right">0.576</td><td style="text-align: right">0.51</td><td style="text-align: right">0.132</td><td style="text-align: right">140.3</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">4</td><td style="text-align: left">Giannis Antetokounmpo</td><td style="text-align: left">Milwaukee Bucks</td><td style="text-align: right">626</td><td style="text-align: right">1018</td><td style="text-align: right">1273</td><td style="text-align: right">1134.36</td><td style="text-align: right">0.628</td><td style="text-align: right">0.559</td><td style="text-align: right">0.137</td><td style="text-align: right">139.5</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">5</td><td style="text-align: left">Stephen Curry</td><td style="text-align: left">Golden State Warriors</td><td style="text-align: right">442</td><td style="text-align: right">958</td><td style="text-align: right">1126</td><td style="text-align: right">989.61</td><td style="text-align: right">0.591</td><td style="text-align: right">0.519</td><td style="text-align: right">0.143</td><td style="text-align: right">137</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">6</td><td style="text-align: left">Devin Booker</td><td style="text-align: left">Phoenix Suns</td><td style="text-align: right">420</td><td style="text-align: right">840</td><td style="text-align: right">935</td><td style="text-align: right">812.23</td><td style="text-align: right">0.559</td><td style="text-align: right">0.486</td><td style="text-align: right">0.147</td><td style="text-align: right">123.5</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">7</td><td style="text-align: left">Kawhi Leonard</td><td style="text-align: left">LA Clippers</td><td style="text-align: right">425</td><td style="text-align: right">811</td><td style="text-align: right">946</td><td style="text-align: right">823.89</td><td style="text-align: right">0.589</td><td style="text-align: right">0.513</td><td style="text-align: right">0.152</td><td style="text-align: right">123.3</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">8</td><td style="text-align: left">Nikola Jokic</td><td style="text-align: left">Denver Nuggets</td><td style="text-align: right">527</td><td style="text-align: right">918</td><td style="text-align: right">1076</td><td style="text-align: right">972.83</td><td style="text-align: right">0.61</td><td style="text-align: right">0.551</td><td style="text-align: right">0.117</td><td style="text-align: right">107.4</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">9</td><td style="text-align: left">Domantas Sabonis</td><td style="text-align: left">Sacramento Kings</td><td style="text-align: right">437</td><td style="text-align: right">703</td><td style="text-align: right">896</td><td style="text-align: right">795.82</td><td style="text-align: right">0.645</td><td style="text-align: right">0.573</td><td style="text-align: right">0.144</td><td style="text-align: right">101.2</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">10</td><td style="text-align: left">Brandon Ingram</td><td style="text-align: left">New Orleans Pelicans</td><td style="text-align: right">406</td><td style="text-align: right">823</td><td style="text-align: right">881</td><td style="text-align: right">784.68</td><td style="text-align: right">0.538</td><td style="text-align: right">0.479</td><td style="text-align: right">0.118</td><td style="text-align: right">97.1</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Similar to the previous list, 9 players on this list are common to both <code>SSQM v1.0</code> and <code>SSQM v2.0</code>, but in a different order. All os these players are considered either stars or super-stars in the NBA. Giannis rank is higher here compared to <code>SSQM v1.0</code> because the shot difficulty of his 2 pt shots which have a close defender distance and high touch time, gives him a lower <code>xeFG</code> on his shots and thus higher <code>Shot Making</code>.</p> <h3 id="most-points-removed-worst-volume-shot-makers"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#most-points-removed-worst-volume-shot-makers" aria-label="Anchor link for: most-points-removed-worst-volume-shot-makers">Most Points Removed: Worst Volume Shot Makers</a></h3> <p>Now let's look at the worst volume shot makers, these are players with the lowest <code>Points Added</code> metric:</p> <table><thead><tr><th style="text-align: right"></th><th style="text-align: left">Player</th><th style="text-align: left">Team</th><th style="text-align: right">FGM</th><th style="text-align: right">FGA</th><th style="text-align: right">PTS</th><th style="text-align: right">xPTS</th><th style="text-align: right">eFG</th><th style="text-align: right">xeFG</th><th style="text-align: right">Shot_Making</th><th style="text-align: right">Points_Added</th></tr></thead><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: right">1</td><td style="text-align: left">Scoot Henderson</td><td style="text-align: left">Portland Trail Blazers</td><td style="text-align: right">190</td><td style="text-align: right">506</td><td style="text-align: right">426</td><td style="text-align: right">530.18</td><td style="text-align: right">0.426</td><td style="text-align: right">0.53</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.208</td><td style="text-align: right">-105.2</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">2</td><td style="text-align: left">Nikola Vucevic</td><td style="text-align: left">Chicago Bulls</td><td style="text-align: right">369</td><td style="text-align: right">786</td><td style="text-align: right">794</td><td style="text-align: right">895.3</td><td style="text-align: right">0.509</td><td style="text-align: right">0.574</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.13</td><td style="text-align: right">-102.2</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">3</td><td style="text-align: left">Jordan Poole</td><td style="text-align: left">Washington Wizards</td><td style="text-align: right">292</td><td style="text-align: right">729</td><td style="text-align: right">685</td><td style="text-align: right">773.44</td><td style="text-align: right">0.472</td><td style="text-align: right">0.533</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.122</td><td style="text-align: right">-88.9</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">4</td><td style="text-align: left">Jalen Green</td><td style="text-align: left">Houston Rockets</td><td style="text-align: right">335</td><td style="text-align: right">814</td><td style="text-align: right">763</td><td style="text-align: right">850.74</td><td style="text-align: right">0.472</td><td style="text-align: right">0.526</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.108</td><td style="text-align: right">-87.9</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">5</td><td style="text-align: left">Saddiq Bey</td><td style="text-align: left">Atlanta Hawks</td><td style="text-align: right">244</td><td style="text-align: right">576</td><td style="text-align: right">583</td><td style="text-align: right">665.95</td><td style="text-align: right">0.507</td><td style="text-align: right">0.579</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.144</td><td style="text-align: right">-82.9</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">6</td><td style="text-align: left">Josh Giddey</td><td style="text-align: left">Oklahoma City Thunder</td><td style="text-align: right">246</td><td style="text-align: right">551</td><td style="text-align: right">537</td><td style="text-align: right">618.71</td><td style="text-align: right">0.494</td><td style="text-align: right">0.57</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.15</td><td style="text-align: right">-82.6</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">7</td><td style="text-align: left">Jeremy Sochan</td><td style="text-align: left">San Antonio Spurs</td><td style="text-align: right">245</td><td style="text-align: right">555</td><td style="text-align: right">532</td><td style="text-align: right">611.38</td><td style="text-align: right">0.485</td><td style="text-align: right">0.557</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.145</td><td style="text-align: right">-80.5</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">8</td><td style="text-align: left">Jordan Clarkson</td><td style="text-align: left">Utah Jazz</td><td style="text-align: right">282</td><td style="text-align: right">680</td><td style="text-align: right">642</td><td style="text-align: right">716.57</td><td style="text-align: right">0.473</td><td style="text-align: right">0.528</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.11</td><td style="text-align: right">-74.8</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">9</td><td style="text-align: left">David Roddy</td><td style="text-align: left">Phoenix Suns</td><td style="text-align: right">153</td><td style="text-align: right">379</td><td style="text-align: right">354</td><td style="text-align: right">428.67</td><td style="text-align: right">0.467</td><td style="text-align: right">0.566</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.197</td><td style="text-align: right">-74.7</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">10</td><td style="text-align: left">Ausar Thompson</td><td style="text-align: left">Detroit Pistons</td><td style="text-align: right">197</td><td style="text-align: right">406</td><td style="text-align: right">407</td><td style="text-align: right">480.93</td><td style="text-align: right">0.501</td><td style="text-align: right">0.592</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.182</td><td style="text-align: right">-73.9</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>7 players on this list are common to both <code>SSQM v1.0</code> and <code>SSQM v2.0</code>, but in a different order. Rookies here include Scoot and Ausar. Ausar come into the league as a bad shooter and need to improve his shooting to get more playing time. I'm a huge believer in his potential. Finally, Nikola Vucevic is having a horrible offensive season, and fits the criterion of aging centers which I discussed in the <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-shot-quality-1/#worst-shot-makers"><code>SSQM v1.0</code> blog</a>.</p> <h2 id="conclusions"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#conclusions" aria-label="Anchor link for: conclusions">Conclusions</a></h2> <p>I've developed a simple shot quality model <code>SSQM v2.0</code> based on publicly available shooting data. The model is based purely on shot type, defender distance, and touch time. Then we can sort the players by the shot quality metrics like <code>Shot Making</code> and <code>Points Added</code> to find best and worst <strong>shot makers</strong> and <strong>volume shot makers</strong>.</p> <p>Thank you for reading, and any feedback is appreciated. You can reach me on Twitter at <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA">@SravanNBA</a>.</p> 2024-02-17T00:00:00+00:00 2024-02-17T00:00:00+00:00 Unknown https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-shot-quality-1/ <p>My first attempt at creating a shot quality model using publicly available NBA data</p> <h2 id="introduction"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#introduction" aria-label="Anchor link for: introduction">Introduction</a></h2> <p>While I was digging into adjusted net ratings (<a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-sosadj/">you can find my article here</a>), I found a version of luck adjusted team ratings by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/knarsu3">Krishna Narsu</a> using <code>qSQ</code> (Quantified Shot Quality) and <code>qSI</code>(Quantified Shooter Impact). I have been interested in shot quality ever since. The disadvantage of these metrics is that they are from Second Spectrum and not public. So wanted to see if I can develop a model on my own using publicly available shooting data.</p> <h2 id="methodology"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#methodology" aria-label="Anchor link for: methodology">Methodology</a></h2> <h3 id="getting-started"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#getting-started" aria-label="Anchor link for: getting-started">Getting Started</a></h3> <p>Before starting from scratch I look at existing work from other people. <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/rd11490/NBA_Tutorials">Ryan Davis</a> and <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/anpatton/basic-nba-tutorials">Andrew Patton</a> have good tutorials for NBA Analytics with working code and those are always good place to start when working on a new analytics project. I found <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/anpatton/basic-nba-tutorials/tree/main/shot-quality">Andrew Patton's Shot Quality Model Tutorial</a> interesting. Andrew shows the approach of how to model shot quality and the data processing framework necessary for creating a shot quality metric. After trying my own variations of Andrew's demo shot quality models, I wanted to try something different while utilizing some of the concepts he introduced in the tutorial.</p> <h3 id="approach-using-league-average-shooting"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#approach-using-league-average-shooting" aria-label="Anchor link for: approach-using-league-average-shooting">Approach: Using League Average Shooting</a></h3> <p>I have been making NBA Hex Plots for more than 2 years now.</p> <img src="./nba_shot_quality_1.png" width="500" > <p>The different colors in hex plots shows how efficient a player is wrt league average. I accomplish it by binning the shots into different zones and calculating the <code>FG%</code> of all shots in the zone attempted by the player. I then compare it to the league average <code>FG%</code> of all shots in the zone attempted by all players in that season. Here are the shot zones and the league averages shown in <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.nba.com/stats/events?flag=3&amp;CFID=33&amp;CFPARAMS=2023-24&amp;PlayerID=201939&amp;ContextMeasure=FGA&amp;Season=2023-24&amp;section=player&amp;sct=hex">Steph Curry's shot-chart</a> for the season:</p> <!--  --> <img src="./nba_shot_quality_2.png" width="500" > <p>My idea is that the approach I adopted for the hex plots is a good framework for a <code>Simple Shot Quality Model</code> and thus name <code>SSQM</code> (sounds like a good name for a model which is very simple/basic).</p> <h3 id="developing-the-shot-quality-model-metrics"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#developing-the-shot-quality-model-metrics" aria-label="Anchor link for: developing-the-shot-quality-model-metrics">Developing the Shot Quality Model Metrics</a></h3> <p>I will be using the league average <code>FG%</code> as expected <code>FG%</code> in my model and will refer it as <code>xFG</code> from now now.<br /> So the expected points scored are:</p> <script type="math/tex;mode=display">xPTS=\begin{cases} 2\times FGA \times xFG &, FGA \text{ is 2 pointer} \\ 3\times FGA \times xFG &, FGA \text{ is 3 pointer} \\ \end{cases}</script> <p>Effective field goal percentage (<code>eFG</code>) is calculated as:</p> <p>$$ eFG = \frac{PTS}{2\times FGA} $$</p> <p>Similarly expected <code>eFG</code> (<code>xeFG</code>) is calculated by replacing <code>PTS</code> with <code>xPTS</code>.</p> <p>$$ xeFG = \frac{xPTS}{2\times FGA} $$</p> <p><code>Shot Making</code> is defined as:</p> <p>$$ \text{Shot Making} = \frac{PTS - xPTS}{FGA} $$</p> <p>which is nothing but points per point (PPS) above league average.</p> <p><code>Points Added</code> is defined as:</p> <p>$$ \text{Points Added} = PTS - xPTS $$</p> <p>Another way of calculating <code>Points Added</code>:</p> <p>$$ \text{Points Added} = \text{Shot Making}\times FGA $$</p> <h2 id="results"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#results" aria-label="Anchor link for: results">Results</a></h2> <p>Now that I have a Shot Quality Model based on shot location (grouped in zones), I ran it for the 2023-24 NBA season to generate the shot quality metrics for all players. An issue here is that there are players who have not attempted many shots but made most of them. We need to filter those players out, which can be accomplished by removing players who have scored less than 100 points.</p> <h3 id="best-shot-makers"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#best-shot-makers" aria-label="Anchor link for: best-shot-makers">Best Shot Makers</a></h3> <p>Here are the best shot makers in the league i.e. the players having the highest <code>Shot Making</code> values:</p> <table><thead><tr><th style="text-align: right"></th><th style="text-align: left">Player</th><th style="text-align: left">Team</th><th style="text-align: right">FGA</th><th style="text-align: right">FGM</th><th style="text-align: right">eFG</th><th style="text-align: right">xeFG</th><th style="text-align: right">PTS</th><th style="text-align: right">xPTS</th><th style="text-align: right">Shot Making</th><th style="text-align: right">Points Added</th></tr></thead><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: right">1</td><td style="text-align: left">Jalen Smith</td><td style="text-align: left">Indiana Pacers</td><td style="text-align: right">253</td><td style="text-align: right">160</td><td style="text-align: right">0.719</td><td style="text-align: right">0.577</td><td style="text-align: right">364</td><td style="text-align: right">291.9</td><td style="text-align: right">0.28</td><td style="text-align: right">70.84</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">2</td><td style="text-align: left">Amir Coffey</td><td style="text-align: left">LA Clippers</td><td style="text-align: right">162</td><td style="text-align: right">91</td><td style="text-align: right">0.673</td><td style="text-align: right">0.55</td><td style="text-align: right">218</td><td style="text-align: right">178.2</td><td style="text-align: right">0.25</td><td style="text-align: right">40.5</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">3</td><td style="text-align: left">Dereck Lively II</td><td style="text-align: left">Dallas Mavericks</td><td style="text-align: right">208</td><td style="text-align: right">153</td><td style="text-align: right">0.736</td><td style="text-align: right">0.619</td><td style="text-align: right">306</td><td style="text-align: right">257.6</td><td style="text-align: right">0.23</td><td style="text-align: right">47.84</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">4</td><td style="text-align: left">Nicolas Batum</td><td style="text-align: left">Philadelphia 76ers</td><td style="text-align: right">135</td><td style="text-align: right">70</td><td style="text-align: right">0.681</td><td style="text-align: right">0.577</td><td style="text-align: right">184</td><td style="text-align: right">155.7</td><td style="text-align: right">0.21</td><td style="text-align: right">28.35</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">5</td><td style="text-align: left">Garrison Mathews</td><td style="text-align: left">Atlanta Hawks</td><td style="text-align: right">99</td><td style="text-align: right">45</td><td style="text-align: right">0.657</td><td style="text-align: right">0.554</td><td style="text-align: right">130</td><td style="text-align: right">109.7</td><td style="text-align: right">0.21</td><td style="text-align: right">20.79</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">6</td><td style="text-align: left">Kevin Durant</td><td style="text-align: left">Phoenix Suns</td><td style="text-align: right">912</td><td style="text-align: right">491</td><td style="text-align: right">0.598</td><td style="text-align: right">0.497</td><td style="text-align: right">1090</td><td style="text-align: right">907.2</td><td style="text-align: right">0.2</td><td style="text-align: right">182.4</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">7</td><td style="text-align: left">Matt Ryan</td><td style="text-align: left">New Orleans Pelicans</td><td style="text-align: right">85</td><td style="text-align: right">38</td><td style="text-align: right">0.635</td><td style="text-align: right">0.536</td><td style="text-align: right">108</td><td style="text-align: right">91.1</td><td style="text-align: right">0.2</td><td style="text-align: right">17</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">8</td><td style="text-align: left">Jakob Poeltl</td><td style="text-align: left">Toronto Raptors</td><td style="text-align: right">320</td><td style="text-align: right">216</td><td style="text-align: right">0.675</td><td style="text-align: right">0.58</td><td style="text-align: right">432</td><td style="text-align: right">371.4</td><td style="text-align: right">0.19</td><td style="text-align: right">60.8</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">9</td><td style="text-align: left">Aaron Wiggins</td><td style="text-align: left">Oklahoma City Thunder</td><td style="text-align: right">211</td><td style="text-align: right">123</td><td style="text-align: right">0.68</td><td style="text-align: right">0.587</td><td style="text-align: right">287</td><td style="text-align: right">247.6</td><td style="text-align: right">0.19</td><td style="text-align: right">40.09</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">10</td><td style="text-align: left">Grayson Allen</td><td style="text-align: left">Phoenix Suns</td><td style="text-align: right">414</td><td style="text-align: right">211</td><td style="text-align: right">0.658</td><td style="text-align: right">0.566</td><td style="text-align: right">545</td><td style="text-align: right">468.9</td><td style="text-align: right">0.18</td><td style="text-align: right">74.52</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The players here include centers like Jalen Smith (who also shoots 3s), Lively and Poeltl and three point shooters like Grayson Allen, Batum. The only super star in here is Kevin Durant, who is have a ridiculous shooting season.</p> <h3 id="worst-shot-makers"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#worst-shot-makers" aria-label="Anchor link for: worst-shot-makers">Worst Shot Makers</a></h3> <p>Here are the worst shot makers in the league i.e. the players having the lowest <code>Shot Making</code> values:</p> <table><thead><tr><th style="text-align: right"></th><th style="text-align: left">Player</th><th style="text-align: left">Team</th><th style="text-align: right">FGA</th><th style="text-align: right">FGM</th><th style="text-align: right">eFG</th><th style="text-align: right">xeFG</th><th style="text-align: right">PTS</th><th style="text-align: right">xPTS</th><th style="text-align: right">Shot Making</th><th style="text-align: right">Points Added</th></tr></thead><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: right">1</td><td style="text-align: left">JT Thor</td><td style="text-align: left">Charlotte Hornets</td><td style="text-align: right">139</td><td style="text-align: right">51</td><td style="text-align: right">0.435</td><td style="text-align: right">0.573</td><td style="text-align: right">121</td><td style="text-align: right">159.3</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.28</td><td style="text-align: right">-38.92</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">2</td><td style="text-align: left">Xavier Tillman</td><td style="text-align: left">Boston Celtics</td><td style="text-align: right">213</td><td style="text-align: right">87</td><td style="text-align: right">0.437</td><td style="text-align: right">0.567</td><td style="text-align: right">186</td><td style="text-align: right">241.7</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.26</td><td style="text-align: right">-55.38</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">3</td><td style="text-align: left">Isaiah Livers</td><td style="text-align: left">Washington Wizards</td><td style="text-align: right">116</td><td style="text-align: right">40</td><td style="text-align: right">0.44</td><td style="text-align: right">0.557</td><td style="text-align: right">102</td><td style="text-align: right">129.1</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.23</td><td style="text-align: right">-26.68</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">4</td><td style="text-align: left">Scoot Henderson</td><td style="text-align: left">Portland Trail Blazers</td><td style="text-align: right">506</td><td style="text-align: right">190</td><td style="text-align: right">0.427</td><td style="text-align: right">0.544</td><td style="text-align: right">432</td><td style="text-align: right">550.2</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.23</td><td style="text-align: right">-116.38</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">5</td><td style="text-align: left">Josh Okogie</td><td style="text-align: left">Phoenix Suns</td><td style="text-align: right">183</td><td style="text-align: right">76</td><td style="text-align: right">0.481</td><td style="text-align: right">0.591</td><td style="text-align: right">176</td><td style="text-align: right">216.1</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.22</td><td style="text-align: right">-40.26</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">6</td><td style="text-align: left">Kris Murray</td><td style="text-align: left">Portland Trail Blazers</td><td style="text-align: right">118</td><td style="text-align: right">48</td><td style="text-align: right">0.487</td><td style="text-align: right">0.591</td><td style="text-align: right">115</td><td style="text-align: right">139.5</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.21</td><td style="text-align: right">-24.78</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">7</td><td style="text-align: left">David Roddy</td><td style="text-align: left">Phoenix Suns</td><td style="text-align: right">389</td><td style="text-align: right">157</td><td style="text-align: right">0.465</td><td style="text-align: right">0.568</td><td style="text-align: right">362</td><td style="text-align: right">441.9</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.21</td><td style="text-align: right">-81.69</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">8</td><td style="text-align: left">Mike Muscala</td><td style="text-align: left">Detroit Pistons</td><td style="text-align: right">134</td><td style="text-align: right">48</td><td style="text-align: right">0.459</td><td style="text-align: right">0.552</td><td style="text-align: right">123</td><td style="text-align: right">148</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.19</td><td style="text-align: right">-25.46</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">9</td><td style="text-align: left">Cam Reddish</td><td style="text-align: left">Los Angeles Lakers</td><td style="text-align: right">205</td><td style="text-align: right">83</td><td style="text-align: right">0.483</td><td style="text-align: right">0.577</td><td style="text-align: right">198</td><td style="text-align: right">236.7</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.19</td><td style="text-align: right">-38.95</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">10</td><td style="text-align: left">Chris Duarte</td><td style="text-align: left">Sacramento Kings</td><td style="text-align: right">129</td><td style="text-align: right">47</td><td style="text-align: right">0.453</td><td style="text-align: right">0.551</td><td style="text-align: right">117</td><td style="text-align: right">142.1</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.19</td><td style="text-align: right">-24.51</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>This list is made mostly of young players who are trying to find their place in the league including rookies like Scoot Henderson. It is very hard to adjust to the NBA and it shows up in their shooting numbers. The other players here are Mike Muscala, who are aging centers who are older than 30 years. Loss of athleticism has an adverse impact on shot making.</p> <h3 id="most-points-added-best-volume-shot-makers"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#most-points-added-best-volume-shot-makers" aria-label="Anchor link for: most-points-added-best-volume-shot-makers">Most Points Added: Best Volume Shot Makers</a></h3> <p>Just looking at <code>Shot Making</code> doesn't tell the whole story of best shot makers in the league. The <code>Shot Making</code> value is actualized only if the players are taking lots of the shots. So the best shot makers in the league are who make lots of shots at high volume. To differentiate these players (who are all stars) from best players in <code>Shot Making</code> metric, I call them <strong>Volume Shot Makers</strong>. These players are players who have the highest <code>Points Added</code> Metric:</p> <table><thead><tr><th style="text-align: right"></th><th style="text-align: left">Player</th><th style="text-align: left">Team</th><th style="text-align: right">FGA</th><th style="text-align: right">FGM</th><th style="text-align: right">eFG</th><th style="text-align: right">xeFG</th><th style="text-align: right">PTS</th><th style="text-align: right">xPTS</th><th style="text-align: right">Shot Making</th><th style="text-align: right">Points Added</th></tr></thead><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: right">1</td><td style="text-align: left">Kevin Durant</td><td style="text-align: left">Phoenix Suns</td><td style="text-align: right">912</td><td style="text-align: right">491</td><td style="text-align: right">0.598</td><td style="text-align: right">0.497</td><td style="text-align: right">1090</td><td style="text-align: right">907.2</td><td style="text-align: right">0.2</td><td style="text-align: right">182.4</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">2</td><td style="text-align: left">Nikola Jokic</td><td style="text-align: left">Denver Nuggets</td><td style="text-align: right">937</td><td style="text-align: right">541</td><td style="text-align: right">0.607</td><td style="text-align: right">0.529</td><td style="text-align: right">1138</td><td style="text-align: right">991.7</td><td style="text-align: right">0.16</td><td style="text-align: right">149.92</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">3</td><td style="text-align: left">Kawhi Leonard</td><td style="text-align: left">LA Clippers</td><td style="text-align: right">820</td><td style="text-align: right">432</td><td style="text-align: right">0.595</td><td style="text-align: right">0.516</td><td style="text-align: right">976</td><td style="text-align: right">846.1</td><td style="text-align: right">0.16</td><td style="text-align: right">131.2</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">4</td><td style="text-align: left">Stephen Curry</td><td style="text-align: left">Golden State Warriors</td><td style="text-align: right">989</td><td style="text-align: right">457</td><td style="text-align: right">0.589</td><td style="text-align: right">0.524</td><td style="text-align: right">1166</td><td style="text-align: right">1036.8</td><td style="text-align: right">0.13</td><td style="text-align: right">128.57</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">5</td><td style="text-align: left">Luka Doncic</td><td style="text-align: left">Dallas Mavericks</td><td style="text-align: right">1102</td><td style="text-align: right">542</td><td style="text-align: right">0.574</td><td style="text-align: right">0.518</td><td style="text-align: right">1265</td><td style="text-align: right">1141.8</td><td style="text-align: right">0.11</td><td style="text-align: right">121.22</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">6</td><td style="text-align: left">Shai Gilgeous-Alexander</td><td style="text-align: left">Oklahoma City Thunder</td><td style="text-align: right">1063</td><td style="text-align: right">580</td><td style="text-align: right">0.576</td><td style="text-align: right">0.527</td><td style="text-align: right">1225</td><td style="text-align: right">1119.4</td><td style="text-align: right">0.1</td><td style="text-align: right">106.3</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">7</td><td style="text-align: left">Devin Booker</td><td style="text-align: left">Phoenix Suns</td><td style="text-align: right">864</td><td style="text-align: right">432</td><td style="text-align: right">0.557</td><td style="text-align: right">0.5</td><td style="text-align: right">963</td><td style="text-align: right">864.7</td><td style="text-align: right">0.11</td><td style="text-align: right">95.04</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">8</td><td style="text-align: left">Giannis Antetokounmpo</td><td style="text-align: left">Milwaukee Bucks</td><td style="text-align: right">1017</td><td style="text-align: right">626</td><td style="text-align: right">0.627</td><td style="text-align: right">0.584</td><td style="text-align: right">1276</td><td style="text-align: right">1186.9</td><td style="text-align: right">0.09</td><td style="text-align: right">91.53</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">9</td><td style="text-align: left">Jalen Williams</td><td style="text-align: left">Oklahoma City Thunder</td><td style="text-align: right">662</td><td style="text-align: right">360</td><td style="text-align: right">0.598</td><td style="text-align: right">0.535</td><td style="text-align: right">792</td><td style="text-align: right">708</td><td style="text-align: right">0.13</td><td style="text-align: right">86.06</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">10</td><td style="text-align: left">Domantas Sabonis</td><td style="text-align: left">Sacramento Kings</td><td style="text-align: right">706</td><td style="text-align: right">439</td><td style="text-align: right">0.64</td><td style="text-align: right">0.581</td><td style="text-align: right">904</td><td style="text-align: right">821</td><td style="text-align: right">0.12</td><td style="text-align: right">84.72</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>This list mostly consists of super stars and all-stars except for Jalen Williams who is having a hyper efficient season fo far. The list being comprised of stars is expected since taking and making tough shots is what makes them stars. </p> <h3 id="most-points-removed-worst-volume-shot-makers"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#most-points-removed-worst-volume-shot-makers" aria-label="Anchor link for: most-points-removed-worst-volume-shot-makers">Most Points Removed: Worst Volume Shot Makers</a></h3> <p>Now let's look at the worst volume shot makers, these are players with the lowest <code>Points Added</code> metric:</p> <table><thead><tr><th style="text-align: right"></th><th style="text-align: left">Player</th><th style="text-align: left">Team</th><th style="text-align: right">FGA</th><th style="text-align: right">FGM</th><th style="text-align: right">eFG</th><th style="text-align: right">xeFG</th><th style="text-align: right">PTS</th><th style="text-align: right">xPTS</th><th style="text-align: right">Shot Making</th><th style="text-align: right">Points Added</th></tr></thead><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: right">1</td><td style="text-align: left">Scoot Henderson</td><td style="text-align: left">Portland Trail Blazers</td><td style="text-align: right">506</td><td style="text-align: right">190</td><td style="text-align: right">0.427</td><td style="text-align: right">0.544</td><td style="text-align: right">432</td><td style="text-align: right">550.2</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.23</td><td style="text-align: right">-116.38</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">2</td><td style="text-align: left">Jalen Green</td><td style="text-align: left">Houston Rockets</td><td style="text-align: right">815</td><td style="text-align: right">335</td><td style="text-align: right">0.477</td><td style="text-align: right">0.545</td><td style="text-align: right">778</td><td style="text-align: right">889.1</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.14</td><td style="text-align: right">-114.1</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">3</td><td style="text-align: left">Jordan Poole</td><td style="text-align: left">Washington Wizards</td><td style="text-align: right">730</td><td style="text-align: right">292</td><td style="text-align: right">0.469</td><td style="text-align: right">0.533</td><td style="text-align: right">685</td><td style="text-align: right">778.8</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.13</td><td style="text-align: right">-94.9</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">4</td><td style="text-align: left">Russell Westbrook</td><td style="text-align: left">LA Clippers</td><td style="text-align: right">523</td><td style="text-align: right">242</td><td style="text-align: right">0.497</td><td style="text-align: right">0.575</td><td style="text-align: right">520</td><td style="text-align: right">601.6</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.16</td><td style="text-align: right">-83.68</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">5</td><td style="text-align: left">Saddiq Bey</td><td style="text-align: left">Atlanta Hawks</td><td style="text-align: right">585</td><td style="text-align: right">247</td><td style="text-align: right">0.504</td><td style="text-align: right">0.576</td><td style="text-align: right">590</td><td style="text-align: right">674.1</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.14</td><td style="text-align: right">-81.9</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">6</td><td style="text-align: left">David Roddy</td><td style="text-align: left">Phoenix Suns</td><td style="text-align: right">389</td><td style="text-align: right">157</td><td style="text-align: right">0.465</td><td style="text-align: right">0.568</td><td style="text-align: right">362</td><td style="text-align: right">441.9</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.21</td><td style="text-align: right">-81.69</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">7</td><td style="text-align: left">Jeremy Sochan</td><td style="text-align: left">San Antonio Spurs</td><td style="text-align: right">557</td><td style="text-align: right">246</td><td style="text-align: right">0.488</td><td style="text-align: right">0.557</td><td style="text-align: right">544</td><td style="text-align: right">620.8</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.14</td><td style="text-align: right">-77.98</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">8</td><td style="text-align: left">Keldon Johnson</td><td style="text-align: left">San Antonio Spurs</td><td style="text-align: right">668</td><td style="text-align: right">299</td><td style="text-align: right">0.513</td><td style="text-align: right">0.563</td><td style="text-align: right">685</td><td style="text-align: right">752</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.1</td><td style="text-align: right">-66.8</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">9</td><td style="text-align: left">Josh Giddey</td><td style="text-align: left">Oklahoma City Thunder</td><td style="text-align: right">550</td><td style="text-align: right">246</td><td style="text-align: right">0.494</td><td style="text-align: right">0.554</td><td style="text-align: right">543</td><td style="text-align: right">609.9</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.12</td><td style="text-align: right">-66</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: right">10</td><td style="text-align: left">Damian Lillard</td><td style="text-align: left">Milwaukee Bucks</td><td style="text-align: right">887</td><td style="text-align: right">375</td><td style="text-align: right">0.506</td><td style="text-align: right">0.541</td><td style="text-align: right">898</td><td style="text-align: right">959.1</td><td style="text-align: right">-0.07</td><td style="text-align: right">-62.09</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>This list consists of young players and players on bad teams like Jordan Poole and Keldon Johnson. An interesting observation is that guards comprise of most of this list. I was expecting to find Russell Westbrook in here but was shocked to find Damian Lillard. Dame is having a horrible season so far and Bucks have no shot to compete for a NBA championship unless Dame shoots better. Both Russ and Dame are in a long line of aging superstar guards who drop off in mid 30s. While for Russ it has been a gradual process, for Dame it has been a sudden drop off this year. </p> <h2 id="conclusions"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#conclusions" aria-label="Anchor link for: conclusions">Conclusions</a></h2> <p>I've developed a simple shot quality model <code>SSQM v1.0</code> based on publicly available shooting data. The model is based purely on shot location (shot zones to be more specific). Then we can sort the players by the shot quality metrics like <code>Shot Making</code> and <code>Points Added</code> to find best and worst <strong>shot makers</strong> and <strong>volume shot makers</strong>.</p> <p>While working on this model, it came to my mind that only shot location is not a holistic way of looking at shot quality and there should be other factors like shot type, defender distance, touch time, dribble etc. which need to be incorporated in the model. I'm working on <code>SSQM v2.0</code> which does exactly that and I will release a follow up to this blog describing that model.</p> <p>Thank you for reading, and any feedback is appreciated. You can reach me on Twitter at <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA">@SravanNBA</a>.</p> <h2 id="resources"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#resources" aria-label="Anchor link for: resources">Resources</a></h2> <p><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/anpatton/basic-nba-tutorials/tree/main/shot-quality">Andrew Patton's Shot Quality Model Tutorial</a></p> 2024-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 2024-01-31T00:00:00+00:00 Unknown https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-3pt-winning-tutorial/ <p>This tutorial goes through the process of generating figures in my <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-3pt-winning/">Three Point Shooting Trends blog</a>. Please read the blog first before continuing on to the tutorial. In this tutorial you will learn the following:</p> <ol> <li>Scrape league average stats for several seasons using <code>nba_api</code>.</li> <li>Plot using <code>plotnine</code> which is a Python port of <code>R</code>'s <code>ggplot</code>. This package is how I generate most of my visualizations.</li> <li>Saving data in different formats including: <code>csv</code>, <code>parquet</code> &amp; <code>feather</code>. We'll go through pros and cons of each.</li> <li>Processing data using <code>pandas</code></li> </ol> <p>If you want to run the code yourself while reading the tutorial, you can find the notebook version of this tutorial on my github:</p> <p><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/sravanpannala/NBA-Tutorials/blob/main/three_pt_shooting_trends/plotting_three_pt_shooting_trends.ipynb">https://github.com/sravanpannala/NBA-Tutorials/blob/main/three_pt_shooting_trends/plotting_three_pt_shooting_trends.ipynb</a></p> <p>First, let's start by loading the basic packages required for this tutorial.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pandas</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-as z-python">as</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span></span> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> for processing data </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">numpy</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-as z-python">as</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">np</span></span></span> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> for numerical operations on arrays </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">tqdm</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">tqdm</span></span> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> gives up progress bar </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> don&#39;t raise warnings when chaining pandas operations </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">options</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">mode</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">chained_assignment</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-constant z-language z-python">None</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data_DIR</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">./data/<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> </span></code></pre> <h2 id="plotting-basic-3-pt-year-to-year-trends"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#plotting-basic-3-pt-year-to-year-trends" aria-label="Anchor link for: plotting-basic-3-pt-year-to-year-trends">Plotting Basic 3 PT Year to Year Trends</a></h2> <h3 id="scraping-the-data"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#scraping-the-data" aria-label="Anchor link for: scraping-the-data">Scraping the Data</a></h3> <p>Now, let's load the function required for scraping league average data.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">nba_api</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">stats</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">endpoints</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">leaguedashteamstats</span></span> </span></code></pre> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">year</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2023</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> the function requires season to be in the form &quot;2023-24&quot; instead of &quot;2024&quot; </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">season</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-type z-python">str</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">year</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">-<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-type z-python">str</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">year</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">-</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-slice z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Get per game stats for a regular season </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stats</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">leaguedashteamstats</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">LeagueDashTeamStats</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">per_mode_detailed</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">PerGame<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">season_type_all_star</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Regular Season<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">season</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">season</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Get data frames </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stats</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">get_data_frames</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> We don&#39;t need all columns, so we load only a subset </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">TEAM_NAME<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">W<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">L<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">W_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3M<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3A<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">head</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <div> <style scoped> .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type { vertical-align: middle; } <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe tbody tr th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> vertical-align: top; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe thead th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> text-align: right; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span></code></pre> </style> <table border="1" class="dataframe"> <thead> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <th></th> <th>TEAM_NAME</th> <th>W</th> <th>L</th> <th>W_PCT</th> <th>FG3M</th> <th>FG3A</th> <th>FG3_PCT</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>0</th> <td>Atlanta Hawks</td> <td>20</td> <td>27</td> <td>0.426</td> <td>13.6</td> <td>37.7</td> <td>0.361</td> </tr> <tr> <th>1</th> <td>Boston Celtics</td> <td>37</td> <td>11</td> <td>0.771</td> <td>16.2</td> <td>42.6</td> <td>0.380</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Sum all the columns and append sum as a new row </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">sum</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">tail</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <div> <style scoped> .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type { vertical-align: middle; } <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe tbody tr th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> vertical-align: top; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe thead th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> text-align: right; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span></code></pre> </style> <table border="1" class="dataframe"> <thead> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <th></th> <th>TEAM_NAME</th> <th>W</th> <th>L</th> <th>W_PCT</th> <th>FG3M</th> <th>FG3A</th> <th>FG3_PCT</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>Total</th> <td>Atlanta HawksBoston CelticsBrooklyn NetsCharlo...</td> <td>701</td> <td>701</td> <td>14.981</td> <td>384.6</td> <td>1049.6</td> <td>10.997</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Average the makes and attempts for 30 teams </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3M<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3M<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">/</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">30</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3A<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3A<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">/</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">30</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Get the percentage by dividing makes column with attempts column </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3M<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">/</span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3A<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Rename the team_name column entry of total row to the season </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">TEAM_NAME<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">year</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> round the columns to three decimals </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">iloc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-slice z-python">:</span>,<span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-slice z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">iloc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-slice z-python">:</span>,<span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-slice z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">round</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">3</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> get only the last row i.e. the total row </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dft</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">tail</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dft</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dft</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">TEAM_NAME<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3M<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3A<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dft</span></span> </span></code></pre> <div> <style scoped> .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type { vertical-align: middle; } <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe tbody tr th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> vertical-align: top; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe thead th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> text-align: right; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span></code></pre> </style> <table border="1" class="dataframe"> <thead> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <th></th> <th>TEAM_NAME</th> <th>FG3M</th> <th>FG3A</th> <th>FG3_PCT</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>Total</th> <td>2024</td> <td>12.82</td> <td>34.987</td> <td>0.366</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p>Now let's run the above code for the past 10 seasons</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dfa</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-empty z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-loop z-for z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">year</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-loop z-for z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">tqdm</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">range</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2014</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2024</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-loop z-for z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-block z-loop z-for z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> the function requires season to be in the form &quot;2023-24&quot; instead of &quot;2024&quot; </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">season</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-type z-python">str</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">year</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">-<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-type z-python">str</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">year</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">-</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-slice z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Get per game stats for a regular season </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stats</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">leaguedashteamstats</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">LeagueDashTeamStats</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">per_mode_detailed</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">PerGame<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">season_type_all_star</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Regular Season<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">season</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">season</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Get data frames </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stats</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">get_data_frames</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> We don&#39;t need all columns, so we load only a subset </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">TEAM_NAME<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">W<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">L<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">W_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3M<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3A<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">sum</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3M<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3M<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">/</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">30</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3A<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3A<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">/</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">30</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3M<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">/</span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3A<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">TEAM_NAME<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">year</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">iloc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-slice z-python">:</span>,<span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-slice z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">iloc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-slice z-python">:</span>,<span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-slice z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">round</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">3</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dft</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">tail</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dft</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dft</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">TEAM_NAME<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3M<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3A<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dfa</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">append</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dft</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df_3pct</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">concat</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dfa</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain"> 80%|████████ | 8/10 [00:06&lt;00:01, 1.14it/s] </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">100%|██████████| 10/10 [00:08&lt;00:00, 1.17it/s] </span></code></pre> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> rebane team name column to season </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df_3pct</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df_3pct</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">rename</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">columns</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">TEAM_NAME<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Season<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">reset_index</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">drop</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-language z-python">True</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df_3pct</span></span> </span></code></pre> <div> <style scoped> .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type { vertical-align: middle; } <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe tbody tr th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> vertical-align: top; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe thead th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> text-align: right; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span></code></pre> </style> <table border="1" class="dataframe"> <thead> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <th></th> <th>Season</th> <th>FG3M</th> <th>FG3A</th> <th>FG3_PCT</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>0</th> <td>2015</td> <td>7.850</td> <td>22.410</td> <td>0.350</td> </tr> <tr> <th>1</th> <td>2016</td> <td>8.507</td> <td>24.083</td> <td>0.353</td> </tr> <tr> <th>2</th> <td>2017</td> <td>9.650</td> <td>27.003</td> <td>0.357</td> </tr> <tr> <th>3</th> <td>2018</td> <td>10.487</td> <td>28.997</td> <td>0.362</td> </tr> <tr> <th>4</th> <td>2019</td> <td>11.360</td> <td>32.007</td> <td>0.355</td> </tr> <tr> <th>5</th> <td>2020</td> <td>12.193</td> <td>34.103</td> <td>0.358</td> </tr> <tr> <th>6</th> <td>2021</td> <td>12.707</td> <td>34.637</td> <td>0.367</td> </tr> <tr> <th>7</th> <td>2022</td> <td>12.440</td> <td>35.180</td> <td>0.354</td> </tr> <tr> <th>8</th> <td>2023</td> <td>12.340</td> <td>34.207</td> <td>0.361</td> </tr> <tr> <th>9</th> <td>2024</td> <td>12.820</td> <td>34.987</td> <td>0.366</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h3 id="plotting-the-data-using-plotnine"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#plotting-the-data-using-plotnine" aria-label="Anchor link for: plotting-the-data-using-plotnine">Plotting the Data using Plotnine</a></h3> <p>Now that we have the data, let's plot it. We'll do it using <code>plotnine</code> package. I recommend reading the <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://plotnine.readthedocs.io/">documentation</a> and going through the tutorials there.<br /> Let's load the modules from plotnine, we'll use in plotting:</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">plotnine</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">ggplot</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-import-list z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">aes</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-import-list z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">geom_line</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-import-list z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">geom_point</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-import-list z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">labs</span></span> </span></code></pre> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">p</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> load the dataframe here </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">ggplot</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df_3pct</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> define the x and y data i.e. aesthetics </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">aes</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">x</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Season<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">y</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3A<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> line plot </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">geom_line</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">group</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> scatter plot </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">geom_point</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Set title and caption </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">labs</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">title</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">3PT Attempts per Game 2014-2023<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">caption</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">@SravanNBA | source:nba.com/stats<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> draw the plot </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">p</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">draw</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p><img src="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-3pt-winning-tutorial/./nba_3pt_winning_tutorial_1.png" alt="png" /></p> <p>Wow, that was easy. The default plot here is much better formatted compared to a default <code>matplotlib</code> plot. This is what makes using <code>plotnine</code> fun and easy. We need to just worry about the data and then plotnine takes care about the formatting.<br /> Now, lets make the plot even better looking by adding a theme. We need to import some things again from <code>plotnine</code></p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">plotnine</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">themes</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-import-list z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">theme</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-import-list z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">element_text</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>We are going to be using the <code>xkcd</code> theme. For a list of available themes refer to <code>plotnine</code> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://plotnine.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api.html#themes">themes documentation</a>. Let's define the theme now: </p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">theme_idv</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">themes</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">theme_xkcd</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">base_size</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">11</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>I want to slightly modify the theme by making the title bold and increase the title font size to <code>16</code>. That can be done by updating the theme like so:</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">theme_idv</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-augmented z-python">+=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">theme</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">plot_title</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">element_text</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">face</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">bold<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">size</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">16</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Now, we add the theme to the previous plot by just adding this line to the code <code>+ theme_idv</code></p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">p</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">ggplot</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df_3pct</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">aes</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">x</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Season<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">y</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3A<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">geom_line</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">group</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">geom_point</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">labs</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">title</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">3PT Attempts per Game 2014-2023<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">caption</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">@SravanNBA | source:nba.com/stats<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> adding the new theme </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">theme_idv</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">p</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">draw</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p><img src="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-3pt-winning-tutorial/./nba_3pt_winning_tutorial_2.png" alt="png" /></p> <p>Wasn't that easy? Now the graph with xkcd looks much better than the vanilla theme we saw before. Similarly we can generate plot for 3PT Makes by just changing <code>y=&quot;FGM&quot;</code> in the code. For generating 3PT percentage trends, we set <code>y=&quot;FG3_PCT&quot;</code>. Once you start getting used to <code>plotnine</code>, visualizing data will become much easier. </p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">p</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">ggplot</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df_3pct</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> we change the y aesthetic here </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">aes</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">x</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Season<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">y</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">geom_line</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">group</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">geom_point</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">labs</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">title</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">3PT Attempts per Game 2014-2023<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">caption</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">@SravanNBA | source:nba.com/stats<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">theme_idv</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">p</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">draw</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p><img src="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-3pt-winning-tutorial/./nba_3pt_winning_tutorial_3.png" alt="png" /></p> <h2 id="3fg-vs-wins-year-to-year-when-team-3p-opponent-3p-5"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#3fg-vs-wins-year-to-year-when-team-3p-opponent-3p-5" aria-label="Anchor link for: 3fg-vs-wins-year-to-year-when-team-3p-opponent-3p-5">3FG% vs Wins Year to Year when Team 3P% &gt; Opponent 3P% + 5%</a></h2> <h3 id="scraping-data-and-saving-them-in-different-file-formats"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#scraping-data-and-saving-them-in-different-file-formats" aria-label="Anchor link for: scraping-data-and-saving-them-in-different-file-formats">Scraping Data and saving them in different file formats</a></h3> <p>Now, let's load the function required for boxscores, which are required to get individual game 3FG% and whether a team has won or not</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">nba_api</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">stats</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">endpoints</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">leaguegamelog</span></span> </span></code></pre> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">season</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">2022<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> api call for getting the data </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stats</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">leaguegamelog</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">LeagueGameLog</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">player_or_team_abbreviation</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">T<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">season</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">season</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">season_type_all_star</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Regular Season<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stats</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">get_data_frames</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> define the file name string </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_name</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data_DIR</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">NBA_BoxScores_<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Standard<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">_<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">season</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p><code>pandas</code> offers us <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/reference/frame.html#serialization-io-conversion">several ways</a> of saving dataframes. The most commonly used one is <code>to_csv()</code> which saves the data in a <code>csv</code> format. <code>csv</code> I want to introduce you to other formats of storing data including <code>parquet</code> and <code>feather</code>.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">to_csv</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_name</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">.csv<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">to_parquet</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_name</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">.parquet<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">to_feather</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_name</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">.feather<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>New, let's try to evaluate how long it takes to save the file by using <code>timeit</code> magic function. Read more about jupyter/IPython built-in magic commands <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/interactive/magics.html">here</a>.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">%</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">%</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">timeit</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">to_csv</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_name</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">.csv<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">32.8 ms ± 2.5 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each) </span></code></pre> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">%</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">%</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">timeit</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">to_parquet</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_name</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">.parquet<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">19.3 ms ± 1.31 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each) </span></code></pre> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">%</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">%</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">timeit</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">to_feather</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_name</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">.feather<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">10.3 ms ± 1.83 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each) </span></code></pre> <p>Time taken to save: <code>feather</code> &lt;<code>parquet</code> &lt; <code>csv</code><br /> Let's look at the file sizes</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">os</span></span></span> </span></code></pre> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_stats</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">os</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stat</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_name</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">.csv<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_size</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_stats</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">st_size</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">10</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">print</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-storage z-type z-string z-python">f</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-interpolated z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-interpolated z-python"><span class="z-meta z-interpolation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-interpolation z-begin z-python">{</span><span class="z-source z-python z-embedded"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_size</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-interpolation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-interpolation z-end z-python">}</span></span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"> kB<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">355 kB </span></code></pre> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_stats</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">os</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stat</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_name</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">.parquet<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_size</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_stats</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">st_size</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">10</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">print</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-storage z-type z-string z-python">f</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-interpolated z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-interpolated z-python"><span class="z-meta z-interpolation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-interpolation z-begin z-python">{</span><span class="z-source z-python z-embedded"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_size</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-interpolation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-interpolation z-end z-python">}</span></span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"> kB<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">88 kB </span></code></pre> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_stats</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">os</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stat</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_name</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">.feather<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_size</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_stats</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">st_size</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">10</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">print</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-storage z-type z-string z-python">f</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-interpolated z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-interpolated z-python"><span class="z-meta z-interpolation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-interpolation z-begin z-python">{</span><span class="z-source z-python z-embedded"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">file_size</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-interpolation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-interpolation z-end z-python">}</span></span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"> kB<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">256 kB </span></code></pre> <p>So,File size: <code>parquet</code> &lt; <code>feather</code> &lt; <code>csv</code></p> <p>I personally use <code>parquet</code> files over <code>csv</code> for the below reasons:</p> <h3 id="parquet-files"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#parquet-files" aria-label="Anchor link for: parquet-files">Parquet Files</a></h3> <ul> <li>why not csv <ul> <li>not compressed, can take too much space</li> <li>doesn't save <code>dtypes</code>, pandas has to infer <code>dtypes</code> after reading the <code>csv</code>. It isn't reliable and sometimes you have to set <code>dtypes</code> manually</li> </ul> </li> <li>What is parquet</li> </ul> <blockquote> <p>Apache Parquet is an open source, column-oriented data file format designed for efficient data storage and retrieval. It provides efficient data compression and encoding schemes with enhanced performance to handle complex data in bulk.</p> </blockquote> <ul> <li>why parquet <ul> <li>compressed automatically</li> <li>saves dtypes</li> <li>faster to write and load</li> </ul> </li> <li>disadvantages <ul> <li>you can't read the file visually, like you can a <code>csv</code></li> <li>No proper/popular GUI tool to visualize <code>csv</code> files like Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>Now let's back to scraping the data:<br /> First we save the data in <code>parquet</code> format for all 10 seasons</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">season_start</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2014</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">season_end</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2024</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">seasons</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">np</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">arange</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">season_start</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">season_end</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">astype</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-support z-type z-python">str</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-loop z-for z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">season</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-loop z-for z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">tqdm</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">seasons</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-loop z-for z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-block z-loop z-for z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stats</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">leaguegamelog</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">LeagueGameLog</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">player_or_team_abbreviation</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">T<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">season</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">season</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">season_type_all_star</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Regular Season<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stats</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">get_data_frames</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">to_parquet</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data_DIR</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">NBA_BoxScores_<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Standard<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">_<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">season</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">.parquet<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">100%|██████████| 10/10 [00:11&lt;00:00, 1.17s/it] </span></code></pre> <h3 id="processing-data"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#processing-data" aria-label="Anchor link for: processing-data">Processing Data</a></h3> <p>Let's load data for a season</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">year</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2023</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">read_parquet</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data_DIR</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-storage z-type z-string z-python">f</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-interpolated z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-interpolated z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">NBA_BoxScores_Standard_</span><span class="z-meta z-interpolation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-interpolation z-begin z-python">{</span><span class="z-source z-python z-embedded"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">year</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-interpolation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-interpolation z-end z-python">}</span></span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">.parquet<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">head</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <div> <style scoped> .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type { vertical-align: middle; } <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe tbody tr th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> vertical-align: top; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe thead th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> text-align: right; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span></code></pre> </style> <table border="1" class="dataframe"> <thead> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <th></th> <th>SEASON_ID</th> <th>TEAM_ID</th> <th>TEAM_ABBREVIATION</th> <th>TEAM_NAME</th> <th>GAME_ID</th> <th>GAME_DATE</th> <th>MATCHUP</th> <th>WL</th> <th>MIN</th> <th>FGM</th> <th>...</th> <th>DREB</th> <th>REB</th> <th>AST</th> <th>STL</th> <th>BLK</th> <th>TOV</th> <th>PF</th> <th>PTS</th> <th>PLUS_MINUS</th> <th>VIDEO_AVAILABLE</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>0</th> <td>22023</td> <td>1610612747</td> <td>LAL</td> <td>Los Angeles Lakers</td> <td>0022300061</td> <td>2023-10-24</td> <td>LAL @ DEN</td> <td>L</td> <td>240</td> <td>41</td> <td>...</td> <td>31</td> <td>44</td> <td>23</td> <td>5</td> <td>4</td> <td>12</td> <td>18</td> <td>107</td> <td>-12</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <th>1</th> <td>22023</td> <td>1610612743</td> <td>DEN</td> <td>Denver Nuggets</td> <td>0022300061</td> <td>2023-10-24</td> <td>DEN vs. LAL</td> <td>W</td> <td>240</td> <td>48</td> <td>...</td> <td>33</td> <td>42</td> <td>29</td> <td>9</td> <td>6</td> <td>12</td> <td>15</td> <td>119</td> <td>12</td> <td>1</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>2 rows × 29 columns</p> </div> <p>Each row, only has that team's data but we need both teams data in a single row to compare 3PT shooting between two teams. To have data for both teams in the same row, we follow same steps as in the <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/sravanpannala/NBA-Tutorials/blob/main/sos_adjusted_ratings/how_to_adjust_nba_team_ratings_for_sos.ipynb">previous tutorial</a>.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">TEAM_NAME<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3A<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3M<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">PLUS_MINUS<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">groupby</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_1</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">nth</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_2</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">nth</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-expression z-generator z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-generator z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">!=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">2<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-expression z-generator z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-generator z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">!=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_3</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">merge</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_1</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_2</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_4</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">nth</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_5</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">nth</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-expression z-generator z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-generator z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">!=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">2<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-expression z-generator z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-generator z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">!=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_6</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">merge</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_4</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_5</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df2</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">concat</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_3</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_6</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">sort_values</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">reset_index</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">drop</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-language z-python">True</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df2</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">head</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <div> <style scoped> .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type { vertical-align: middle; } <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe tbody tr th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> vertical-align: top; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe thead th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> text-align: right; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span></code></pre> </style> <table border="1" class="dataframe"> <thead> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <th></th> <th>GAME_ID</th> <th>TEAM_NAME1</th> <th>FG3A1</th> <th>FG3M1</th> <th>FG3_PCT1</th> <th>PLUS_MINUS1</th> <th>TEAM_NAME2</th> <th>FG3A2</th> <th>FG3M2</th> <th>FG3_PCT2</th> <th>PLUS_MINUS2</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>0</th> <td>0022300001</td> <td>Indiana Pacers</td> <td>31</td> <td>15</td> <td>0.484</td> <td>5</td> <td>Cleveland Cavaliers</td> <td>28</td> <td>8</td> <td>0.286</td> <td>-5</td> </tr> <tr> <th>1</th> <td>0022300001</td> <td>Cleveland Cavaliers</td> <td>28</td> <td>8</td> <td>0.286</td> <td>-5</td> <td>Indiana Pacers</td> <td>31</td> <td>15</td> <td>0.484</td> <td>5</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df2</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">TEAM_NAME1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">TEAM_NAME2<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3_PCT1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3_PCT2<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">PLUS_MINUS1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">PLUS_MINUS2<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> 3 Point shooting of team &gt; 5% of opponent </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3_PCT1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3_PCT2<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-float z-decimal z-python">0<span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-decimal z-python">.</span>05</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Define Win and Loss </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">PLUS_MINUS1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Loss<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">PLUS_MINUS1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&lt;</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Wins when 3FG% of team &gt; 3FG% of opponent + 5% </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">&amp;</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Loss_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">&amp;</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Loss<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Aggregate all values together for a team </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df4</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">groupby</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">TEAM_NAME1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Loss_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-continuation z-line z-python">\</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">agg</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">sum<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Loss_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">sum<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Loss_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df4</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df4</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">sort_values</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">by</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">ascending</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-language z-python">False</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">reset_index</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">rename</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">columns</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">TEAM_NAME1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Team<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Sum values from all teams to total row for the season </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df4</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">sum</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Team<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Team<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">year</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> get the total row out as a dataframe </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dft</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df4</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">tail</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Now, we have to run the same process for all 10 seasons</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dfa</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-empty z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-loop z-for z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">year</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-loop z-for z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">range</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2014</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2024</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-loop z-for z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-block z-loop z-for z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">read_parquet</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data_DIR</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-storage z-type z-string z-python">f</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-interpolated z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-interpolated z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">NBA_BoxScores_Standard_</span><span class="z-meta z-interpolation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-interpolation z-begin z-python">{</span><span class="z-source z-python z-embedded"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">year</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-interpolation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-interpolation z-end z-python">}</span></span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">.parquet<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">TEAM_NAME<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3A<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3M<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">PLUS_MINUS<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">groupby</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_1</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">nth</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_2</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">nth</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-expression z-generator z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-generator z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">!=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">2<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-expression z-generator z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-generator z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">!=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_3</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">merge</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_1</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_2</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_4</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">nth</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_5</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">nth</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-expression z-generator z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-generator z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">!=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">2<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-expression z-generator z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-generator z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">!=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_6</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">merge</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_4</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_5</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df2</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">concat</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_3</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_6</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">sort_values</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">reset_index</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">drop</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-language z-python">True</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df2</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">TEAM_NAME1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">TEAM_NAME2<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3_PCT1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3_PCT2<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">PLUS_MINUS1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">PLUS_MINUS2<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3_PCT1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3_PCT2<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-float z-decimal z-python">0<span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-decimal z-python">.</span>05</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">PLUS_MINUS1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&gt;</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Loss<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">PLUS_MINUS1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&lt;</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">&amp;</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Loss_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">&amp;</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Loss<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df4</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df3</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">groupby</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">TEAM_NAME1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Loss_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-continuation z-line z-python">\</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">agg</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">sum<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-python">,</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Loss_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">sum<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Loss_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df4</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df4</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">sort_values</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">by</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">ascending</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-language z-python">False</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">reset_index</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">rename</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">columns</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">TEAM_NAME1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Team<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df4</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">sum</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Team<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">loc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Total<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span>,<span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&#39;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-single z-python">Team<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&#39;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">year</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dft</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df4</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">tail</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dfa</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">append</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dft</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df_pw</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">concat</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dfa</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">reset_index</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">drop</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-language z-python">True</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df_pw</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df_pw</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">rename</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">columns</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Team<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Season<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df_pw</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df_pw</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">/</span><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df_pw</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df_pw</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Loss_More_3PT_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">round</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">3</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Here is the dataframe which we will plot next</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df_pw</span></span> </span></code></pre> <div> <style scoped> .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type { vertical-align: middle; } <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe tbody tr th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> vertical-align: top; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe thead th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> text-align: right; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span></code></pre> </style> <table border="1" class="dataframe"> <thead> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <th></th> <th>Season</th> <th>Win_More_3PT_PCT</th> <th>Loss_More_3PT_PCT</th> <th>Win_PCT</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>0</th> <td>2015</td> <td>655</td> <td>252</td> <td>0.722</td> </tr> <tr> <th>1</th> <td>2016</td> <td>656</td> <td>222</td> <td>0.747</td> </tr> <tr> <th>2</th> <td>2017</td> <td>693</td> <td>195</td> <td>0.780</td> </tr> <tr> <th>3</th> <td>2018</td> <td>635</td> <td>210</td> <td>0.751</td> </tr> <tr> <th>4</th> <td>2019</td> <td>661</td> <td>189</td> <td>0.778</td> </tr> <tr> <th>5</th> <td>2020</td> <td>565</td> <td>171</td> <td>0.768</td> </tr> <tr> <th>6</th> <td>2021</td> <td>600</td> <td>143</td> <td>0.808</td> </tr> <tr> <th>7</th> <td>2022</td> <td>655</td> <td>166</td> <td>0.798</td> </tr> <tr> <th>8</th> <td>2023</td> <td>635</td> <td>163</td> <td>0.796</td> </tr> <tr> <th>9</th> <td>2024</td> <td>351</td> <td>98</td> <td>0.782</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">p</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">ggplot</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df_pw</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">aes</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">x</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Season<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">y</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">geom_line</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">group</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">geom_point</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">labs</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">title</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Team Win % When Having 5<span class="z-constant z-other z-placeholder z-python">% hi</span>gher 3PT% than Opponent<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">caption</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">@SravanNBA | source:nba.com/stats<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">y</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win %<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">theme_idv</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">theme</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">plot_title</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">element_text</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">face</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">bold<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">size</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">15</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">p</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">draw</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p><img src="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-3pt-winning-tutorial/./nba_3pt_winning_tutorial_4.png" alt="png" /></p> <p>Now, lets format the Y axis to show data in percentage instead of fraction</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">mizani</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">formatters</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">percent_format</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">plotnine</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">scale_y_continuous</span></span> </span></code></pre> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">p</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">ggplot</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df_pw</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">aes</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">x</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Season<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">y</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win_PCT<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">geom_line</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">group</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">geom_point</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Change Y scale to percent </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">scale_y_continuous</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">labels</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">percent_format</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">labs</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">title</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Team Win % When Having 5<span class="z-constant z-other z-placeholder z-python">% hi</span>gher 3PT% than Opponent<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">caption</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">@SravanNBA | source:nba.com/stats<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">y</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Win %<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">theme_idv</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">theme</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">plot_title</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">element_text</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">face</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">bold<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">size</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">15</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">p</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">draw</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p><img src="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-3pt-winning-tutorial/./nba_3pt_winning_tutorial_5.png" alt="png" /></p> <p>Finally you can save the figure using the <code>save</code> command</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">p</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">save</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">FG3PCT_Wins_seasons.png<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">width</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-float z-decimal z-python">6<span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-decimal z-python">.</span>2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">height</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-float z-decimal z-python">4<span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-decimal z-python">.</span>8</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">dpi</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">300</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">c:\Users\pansr\AppData\Local\pypoetry\Cache\virtualenvs\nba-ub9Z_EQq-py3.11\Lib\site-packages\plotnine\ggplot.py:587: PlotnineWarning: Saving 6.2 x 4.8 in image. </span><span class="z-text z-plain">c:\Users\pansr\AppData\Local\pypoetry\Cache\virtualenvs\nba-ub9Z_EQq-py3.11\Lib\site-packages\plotnine\ggplot.py:588: PlotnineWarning: Filename: FG3PCT_Wins_seasons.png </span></code></pre> <h2 id="reminder"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#reminder" aria-label="Anchor link for: reminder">Reminder</a></h2> <p>You can find the notebook version of this tutorial on my github: <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/sravanpannala/NBA-Tutorials/blob/main/three_pt_shooting_trends/plotting_three_pt_shooting_trends.ipynb">https://github.com/sravanpannala/NBA-Tutorials/blob/main/three_pt_shooting_trends/plotting_three_pt_shooting_trends.ipynb</a></p> 2024-01-10T00:00:00+00:00 2025-05-12T00:00:00+00:00 Unknown https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-apps-db/ <p>This database has a list of apps and websites related to NBA Data and Visualizations. </p> <p>If you want to add apps to this database or improve it, please</p> <ul> <li>Contact me on Twitter <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA">@SravanNBA</a></li> <li>or Submit a Pull Request on my <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/sravanpannala/blog/">Github repo</a> via this <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/sravanpannala/blog/blob/main/content/posts/nba-apps-db/index.md">file</a> </li> </ul> <h2 id="websites"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#websites" aria-label="Anchor link for: websites">Websites</a></h2> <p>Stats and Visualization related websites which offer much more than apps ♠</p> <ul> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.centersculture.com/">Center's Culture: Standings &amp; WPA</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/MittyRockets">Mitty</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://bucketlist.fans/">bucketlist: Stats linked to play by play videos</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/bucketlistfans">Bucket List Fans</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://pivotfade.com/">PivotFade: NBA Player-Focused Stats: Discover detailed shot charts, assist networks, top player performances, and live scores</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/PivotFade">PivotFade</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://craftednba.com/">Crafted NBA: Curated Advanced Stats</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/craftedNBA">craftedNBA</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.pbpstats.com/">PBPstats: Play by Play Data</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/bballport">Darryl Blackport</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.inpredictable.com/">inpredictable: Win Probabilities, Shot Tracking, Clutch Player Ranking and more</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/inpredict">Mike Beuoy</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://dunksandthrees.com/">EPM (Estimated Plus Minus) and more</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/taylor_snarr">Taylor Snarr</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://cleaningtheglass.com/">Cleaning the Glass: Garbage time filtered stats</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/bencfalk">Ben Falk</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.teamrankings.com/nba">TeamRankings: NBA Rankings, Projections, Matchups, Schedules and more</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/TeamRankings">TeamRankings</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://fanspo.com/">Fanspo: Trade Machine and more</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/fanspo">Fanspo</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://3stepsbasket.com/nba/standings">3StepsBasket: Advanced basketball statistics</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/3StepsBasket">3StepsBasket</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://notradeclause.com/">No Trade Clause: CBA and more</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/NoTrade_Clause">No Trade Clause</a></li> </ul> <h2 id="analysis-data"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#analysis-data" aria-label="Anchor link for: analysis-data">Analysis/Data</a></h2> <p>Data, stats and analysis related apps</p> <ul> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.bball-index.com/lebron-application/">LEBRON Application</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/knarsu3">Krishna Narsu</a> &amp; <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/natehawk2">Nate Hawkins</a> for <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/The_BBall_Index">BBall Index</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://apanalytics.shinyapps.io/DARKO/">DARKO</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/kmedved">Kostya Medvedovsky</a> &amp; <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/anpatt7">Andrew Patton</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://theanalyst.com/na/2021/10/nba-stats-and-player-projections/">DRIP: Stats and Player Projections</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/OptaAnalyst">Opta Analyst</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://theanalyst.com/na/2023/12/nba-predictions-2023-24/">NBA Predictions</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/OptaAnalyst">Opta Analyst</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://positiveresidual.com/shiny/nba/">NBA Calendar</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/presidual">Positive Residual</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://tbeckmann.shinyapps.io/NBAwOCVA202324/">NBA wOCVA (similar to WAR)</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/TBeckmann24">Tristan Bekmann</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://apanalytics.shinyapps.io/nba-elo/">NBA Elo Rater</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/anpatt7">Andrew Patton</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://apanalytics.shinyapps.io/should_I_use_this_rating/">Should I Use This Rating</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/anpatt7">Andrew Patton</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://psteve.shinyapps.io/RAPM/">RAPM: 1,3 and 5 year</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/PrestonS2023">Preston Stevenson</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://shiny.sradjoker.cc/NBA-Stat-Query/">NBA Stat Query</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA">Sravan Pannala</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://perthirtysix.com/nba/top-hustle-players">The Hustle Index</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/PerThirtySixers">PerThirtySix.com</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://perthirtysix.com/nba/create-advanced-metric">Create A Custom NBA Metric</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/PerThirtySixers">PerThirtySix.com</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://filippos-pol.shinyapps.io/adjusted-big-time-scoring/">Adjusted Big TIme Scoring</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/taylormetrics">Taylor Wyman</a> &amp; <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/filippos_pol">Filippos Polyzos</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.lastnightinbasketball.com/p/adjusted-efficiency">Adjusted Efficiency</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/JADubin5">Jared Dubin</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.bball-index.com/nba-injuries/">NBA Games and LEBRON Missed</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA">Sravan Pannala</a> </li> </ul> <h2 id="visualization"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#visualization" aria-label="Anchor link for: visualization">Visualization</a></h2> <p>Data visualization related apps</p> <ul> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.bball-index.com/play-types-app/">Play Types App</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/burakcankoc">Burak Can Koc</a> for <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/The_BBall_Index">BBall Index</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.bball-index.com/minutes-app/">Rotation Minutes App</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/burakcankoc">Burak Can Koc</a> for <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/The_BBall_Index">BBall Index</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.bball-index.com/nba-player-stat-distribution-trends/">NBA Distributions and Trends</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA">Sravan Pannala</a> for <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/The_BBall_Index">BBall Index</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://shotcombo-4cfcb9013491.herokuapp.com/">Shot charts</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/GabeLeftBrain">Gabriel Guzman</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://saurabhrane.shinyapps.io/playerCombos/">Player Combos</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SaurabhOnTap">Saurabh Rane</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://ramirobentes.shinyapps.io/gameofruns/">Game of Runs</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/NbaInRstats">Ramiro Bentes</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.positiveresidual.com/shiny/true-shooting-charts/">True Shooting</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/presidual">Positive Residual</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://positiveresidual.com/shiny/nba-playing-time/">Playing Time</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/presidual">Positive Residual</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://ads303.shinyapps.io/nbacomparisons/">NBA Comparisons</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/djsriram98">Aditya Sriram</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://ryanmiele14.shinyapps.io/2022_nba_player_dashboard/">NBA Players App (strengths/weaknesses and tendencies)</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/BuckAnalytics">Bucknell Sports Analytics</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="http://saurabhr.com/nba-rotation-finder">NBA Rotation Finder</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SaurabhOnTap">Saurabh Rane</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://davidsajdak8.shinyapps.io/shooting_similarity/">Shooting Mechanics App</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/davidsajdak8">David Sajdak</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://shiny.sradjoker.cc/NBA-Lineups-Trends/">NBA Lineups Trends</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA">Sravan Pannala</a> and <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/FearTheBrown">Shamit Dua</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://perthirtysix.com/nba/player-shot-chart">NBA Shot Charts</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/PerThirtySixers">PerThirtySix.com</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://llimllib.github.io/nbastats/teams/">NBA Team Efficiency</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://hachyderm.io/@llimllib">Bill Mill</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://hoopinsight.netlify.app/">HoopInSight</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/YuFuTroy">Yu Fu Troy</a></li> </ul> <h2 id="draft"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#draft" aria-label="Anchor link for: draft">Draft</a></h2> <p>Draft related apps</p> <ul> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://braydengerrard.shinyapps.io/Draft_Scores/">DEEP NBA Draft</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/braydengerrard">Brayden Gerrard</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://mccadep8r.shinyapps.io/NBA_Draft_Value/">NBA Draft value</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/McCadeP8">McCade Pearson</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://nkal11.shinyapps.io/NBADraftModel/">NBA Draft Model</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/kalidrafts">Nick Kalinowski</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://stadiumspeak.shinyapps.io/DraftCombineApp/">Draft Combine App</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/MarkC_NBA">Mark Cheung</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://njk11.pythonanywhere.com/">Combine Score</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/kalidrafts">Nick Kalinowski</a></li> </ul> <h2 id="fun"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#fun" aria-label="Anchor link for: fun">Fun</a></h2> <p>Fun apps</p> <ul> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://shiny.sradjoker.cc/NBA-Comparison-Tool/">NBA Pickup Comparison Finder</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA">Sravan Pannala</a> and <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/automaticnba/">automaticnba</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://shiny.sradjoker.cc/NBA-Scorigami/">NBA Box Scorigami</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA">Sravan Pannala</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://crumpledpaperjumper.shinyapps.io/NBANerdle/">Final Fourdle</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/CrumpledJumper">Todd Whitehead</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://dribblegame.com/">Dribble Game</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/taylor_stein">Taylor Stein</a></li> </ul> <h2 id="trade-machines"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#trade-machines" aria-label="Anchor link for: trade-machines">Trade Machines</a></h2> <ul> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://fanspo.com/nba/trade-machine">Fanspo</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.spotrac.com/nba/trade-machine/">Spotrac</a></li> </ul> <h2 id="misc"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#misc" aria-label="Anchor link for: misc">Misc</a></h2> <p>Other apps</p> <ul> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://jimtheflash.shinyapps.io/first_basket_props/">NBA First Basket Props</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/jimtheflash/">jimtheflash</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://thehighlow.io/">Player Highlights and Lowlights</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/thehighlow_NBA">The High-Low</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://nbaplaydb.com/">NBA play-by-play Search Engine</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/OnerInce">Oner Ince</a></li> </ul> <h2 id="wnba"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#wnba" aria-label="Anchor link for: wnba">WNBA</a></h2> <p>WNBA apps</p> <ul> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.positiveresidual.com/shiny/wnba/">WNBA Dashboard</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/presidual">Positive Residual</a></li> </ul> <h2 id="inactive-apps"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#inactive-apps" aria-label="Anchor link for: inactive-apps">Inactive Apps</a></h2> <p>Working Apps but data isn't updated anymore</p> <h3 id="analysis-data-1"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#analysis-data-1" aria-label="Anchor link for: analysis-data-1">Analysis/Data</a></h3> <ul> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://llewellynjean.shinyapps.io/NBARefDatabase/">The Unofficial NBA Ref Ball Database</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/owenlhjphillips">Owen Phillips</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://swishlistanalytics.shinyapps.io/kd_tracker/">Kill/Death Ratio Tracker</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/RealSwishList">Swishlist</a> </li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://mbanalytics.shinyapps.io/Coach-Challenge/">NBA Coach's Challenge</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/mattabolanos">Matt Bolaños</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://mbanalytics.shinyapps.io/Tracking-Hot-Hand/">NBA Hot Hand Analysis</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/mattabolanos">Matt Bolaños</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://apanalytics.shinyapps.io/disruption/">Regularized Adjusted Deterrence (RAD)</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/anpatt7">Andrew Patton</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://apanalytics.shinyapps.io/Gravity/">Gravity</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/anpatt7">Andrew Patton</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://apanalytics.shinyapps.io/pareto/">Pareto</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/anpatt7">Andrew Patton</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://apanalytics.shinyapps.io/SHNORP/">SHNORP</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/anpatt7">Andrew Patton</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://whistlestats.com/">Whistle Stats</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/taylor_stein">Taylor Stein</a></li> </ul> <h3 id="visualization-1"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#visualization-1" aria-label="Anchor link for: visualization-1">Visualization</a></h3> <ul> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://saurabhrane.shinyapps.io/player_match_up_r/">Defensive Player Matchups</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SaurabhOnTap">Saurabh Rane</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://crumpledpaperjumper.shinyapps.io/StarTracks/">Star Tracks</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/CrumpledJumper">Todd Whitehead</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://stadiumspeak.shinyapps.io/Two-Man-Game/">Two Man Game</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/MarkC_NBA">Mark Cheung</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://scattershot.peterbeshai.com/">Scattershot</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/pbesh">Peter Beshai</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://gameviz21-22-gtvis.netlify.app/">NBA GameViz</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/YuFuTroy">Yu Fu Troy</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://lineupvis-yufu-gtvis.netlify.app/">NBA LineupViz</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/YuFuTroy">Yu Fu Troy</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://nbatravel.netlify.app/">NBA Travel Route</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/YuFuTroy">Yu Fu Troy</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://sites.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/ii/sportvis/nbaMVPvote/vis/index.html">Who didn't vote for me</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/YuFuTroy">Yu Fu Troy</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://albertkuo.shinyapps.io/nba_comeback/">NBA Comeback</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/albert_kuo">Albert Kuo</a></li> </ul> <h3 id="draft-1"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#draft-1" aria-label="Anchor link for: draft-1">Draft</a></h3> <ul> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://dsamangy.shinyapps.io/2022_NBA_Draft_App/">2022 NBA Draft App</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/DSamangy">Dom Samangy</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://amicsta.shinyapps.io/nba_prospect_sim/">NBA Prospect Similarity App</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/amicsta">Anthony Amico</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://pzanca.shinyapps.io/nba_draft_early_entrant_outcomes/">NBA Draft Early Entrant Outcomes</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/Peter_Zanca">Peter Zanca</a></li> </ul> <h3 id="fun-1"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#fun-1" aria-label="Anchor link for: fun-1">Fun</a></h3> <ul> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://pzanca.shinyapps.io/league_pass_schedule_maker/">NBA League Pass Schedule Maker</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/Peter_Zanca">Peter Zanca</a></li> </ul> 2024-01-01T00:00:00+00:00 2024-01-01T00:00:00+00:00 Unknown https://blog.sradjoker.cc/apps/ <h2 id="nba-apps">NBA Apps</h2> <ol> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://shiny.sradjoker.cc/NBA-Comparison-Tool/">NBA Pickup Comparison Finder</a>: Find which NBA player your skills most match with</li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://shiny.sradjoker.cc/NBA-Scorigami/">NBA Box Scorigami</a>: Fun app to see different combinations of NBA player stats visualized in 2048 style grids</li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.bball-index.com/nba-player-stat-distribution-trends/">NBA Distributions and Trends</a>: Plotting Density &amp; Trends for various boxscores stats</li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://shiny.sradjoker.cc/NBA-Lineups-Trends/">NBA Lineups Trends</a>: Plots Lineup Trends for several 2023-24 Regular Season stats</li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://shiny.sradjoker.cc/NBA-Stat-Query/">NBA Stat Query</a>: Search for any NBA player Box Score from 1946-47 onwards.</li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.bball-index.com/nba-injuries/">NBA Games and LEBRON Missed</a>: Tracking Games Missed, Minutes Missed and LEBRON WAR Missed due to Injury, Suspensions and Personal Reasons.</li> </ol> 2024-01-01T00:00:00+00:00 2024-01-01T00:00:00+00:00 Unknown https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-sosadj-tutorial/ <p>This tutorial goes through my process of adjusting NBA Teams' Offensive and Defensive Ratings for strength of schedule (SoS). First read my <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-sosadj/"><strong>blog post</strong></a> on the same topic, before going any further. The blog post explains the details including the math necessary for understanding the code in this tutorial.</p> <p>The code for RAPM styled approach is adopted from <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/rd11490/NBA_Tutorials/tree/master/rapm">Ryan Davis' RAPM Tutorial</a> and I suggest you read that tutorial before continuing. </p> <p>If you want to run the code yourself while reading the tutorial, you can find the notebook version of this tutorial on my github:</p> <p><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/sravanpannala/NBA-Tutorials/blob/main/sos_adjusted_ratings/how_to_adjust_nba_team_ratings_for_sos.ipynb">(https://github.com/sravanpannala/NBA-Tutorials/blob/main/sos_adjusted_ratings/how_to_adjust_nba_team_ratings_for_sos.ipynb</a></p> <p>First let's import the necessary packages to run this code:</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pandas</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-as z-python">as</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span></span> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> for processing data </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">numpy</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-as z-python">as</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">np</span></span></span> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> for numerical operations on arrays </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">tqdm</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">tqdm</span></span> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> gives up progress bar </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">time</span></span></span> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> for time related stuff </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">sklearn</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">linear_model</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">RidgeCV</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> don&#39;t raise warnings when chaining pandas operations </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">options</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">mode</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">chained_assignment</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-constant z-language z-python">None</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Then we will load the team information as two variable. There are 30 teams in the NBA and each team has a name and a team ID</p> <ol> <li><code>teams_list</code> will have a list of all team IDs</li> <li><code>teams_dict</code> is a dictionary mapping the team IDs to the team names.</li> </ol> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">team_data</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">read_csv</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">../data/NBA_teams_database.csv<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_list</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">team_data</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">TeamID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">tolist</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">team_dict1</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">team_data</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">to_dict</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">orient</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">records<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_dict</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-mapping-or-set z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping-or-set z-begin z-python">{</span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">team</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">TeamID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">team</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Team<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-expression z-generator z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-generator z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">team</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">team_dict1</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span> </span></code></pre> <h2 id="scraping-the-data-required"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#scraping-the-data-required" aria-label="Anchor link for: scraping-the-data-required">Scraping the Data Required</a></h2> <p>This section will cover the scraping part of the tutorial. You can skip the tutorial and go to the next section if you wish so. The data has already been scraped and is available for the 2023-24 season in the <a href="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-sosadj-tutorial/./data/NBA_BoxScores_Adv_2023.csv">data folder</a>.<br /> We will be using the <code>nba_api</code> to get the necessary data. It should be installed already if you followed the instructions in <a href="../README.md">Readme</a>. The team ratings i.e. offensive, defensive and net ratings can be found for each game by using the <code>boxscoreadvancedv3</code> endpoint. This endpoint needs needs the <code>GameID</code> to get the boxscores for both teams in that game. To get <code>GameIDs</code> for all games played in the 2023-24 season, we will use the <code>leaguegamelog</code> endpoint.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">nba_api</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">stats</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">endpoints</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">leaguegamelog</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-import-list z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">boxscoreadvancedv3</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> for 2023-24 season </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">season</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">2023<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> get the information </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stats</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">leaguegamelog</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">LeagueGameLog</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">player_or_team_abbreviation</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">T<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">season</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">season</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">season_type_all_star</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Regular Season<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> output the information as pandas dataframe </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stats</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">get_data_frames</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> get the GameIDs as a list </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">game_ids</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">GAME_ID<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">tolist</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> GameIDs are repeated twich, once for home team and once for away team </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> We can use numpy unique to remove the duplicates </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">game_ids</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">np</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">unique</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">game_ids</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>Now we have a list of <code>game_ids</code> to use in <code>boxscoreadvancedv3</code> endpoint. We just put the <code>game_ids</code> in a <code>for</code> loop to get the data for each game as a dataframe. We append the generated dataframe for each game to a list of dataframes <code>dfa</code>. Finally we can use <code>pandas.concat</code> to concatenate all the dataframes into a single dataframe for the season.<br /> This process might take a while (10-20 minutes, depending on the number of games played), so grab a coffee or a snack and come back after some time. There is a small (maybe big) issue, if you just run a vanilla <code>for</code> loop. The <code>stats.nba.com</code> endpoint we use to scrape the data, times out when requested too many times in a short period of time and results in a error:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">HTTPSConnectionPool(host=&#39;stats.nba.com&#39;, port=443): Read timed out. (read timeout=30) </span></code></pre> <p>Any error will stop the <code>for</code> loop and we have to repeat again. To prevent this issue, we wrap the call to the endpoint in <code>try</code> <code>except</code> blocks and retry the endpoint for that <code>gameId</code> till it succeeds.<br /> I found an elegant solution for this issue while creating this tutorial which is to use the <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jd/tenacity"><code>tenacity</code></a> package.</p> <ol> <li>We import the necessary modules from tenacity: <ol> <li><code>retry</code>: decorator to enable retries on the function</li> <li><code>stop_after_attempt</code>: to define the maximum number of attempts. I set it as <code>5</code></li> <li><code>wait_fixed</code>: to wait for a certain amount of fixed time before retrying. The number I use is <code>0.6</code> seconds <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/swar/nba_api/issues/176">as recommended</a> by the authors of the <code>nba_api</code></li> </ol> </li> </ol> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">tenacity</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">retry</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">tenacity</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">stop</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stop_after_attempt</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-from z-python">from</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-import-path z-python"><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">tenacity</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-import-name z-python">wait</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-import z-python">import</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-import z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">wait_fixed</span></span> </span></code></pre> <ol start="2"> <li>We add the <code>retry</code> decorator with the necessary options to the <code>get_boxscores</code> function, which has the <code>try</code> <code>except</code> block to handle errors</li> </ol> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-annotation z-python">@</span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">retry</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">stop</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stop_after_attempt</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">wait</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">wait_fixed</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-float z-decimal z-python">0<span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-decimal z-python">.</span>6</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-annotation z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">get_boxscores</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">game_id</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-exception z-try z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-exception z-try z-python">try</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-block z-exception z-try z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stats</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">boxscoreadvancedv3</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">BoxScoreAdvancedV3</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">game_id</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">game_id</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stats</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">get_data_frames</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-exception z-catch z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-exception z-catch z-python">except</span> <span class="z-support z-type z-exception z-python">Exception</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-exception z-catch z-as z-python">as</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-exception z-catch z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">error</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-exception z-catch z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-block z-exception z-catch z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">print</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">error</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span> </span></code></pre> <ol start="3"> <li>Now we run the <code>for</code> loop with the decorated <code>get_boxscores</code> function. Finally, we save the scraped data as a <code>csv</code> file in the data folder. </li> </ol> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dfa</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-empty z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-loop z-for z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">game_id</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-loop z-for z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">tqdm</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">game_ids</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-statement z-loop z-for z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-block z-loop z-for z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">get_boxscores</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">game_id</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dfa</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">append</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">concat</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">dfa</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">to_csv</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-storage z-type z-string z-python">f</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-interpolated z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-interpolated z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">./data/NBA_BoxScores_Adv_</span><span class="z-meta z-interpolation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-interpolation z-begin z-python">{</span><span class="z-source z-python z-embedded"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">season</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-interpolation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-interpolation z-end z-python">}</span></span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">.csv<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain"> 13%|█▎ | 49/363 [00:59&lt;06:26, 1.23s/it] </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">HTTPSConnectionPool(host=&#39;stats.nba.com&#39;, port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /stats/boxscoreadvancedv3?EndPeriod=0&amp;EndRange=0&amp;GameID=0022300050&amp;RangeType=0&amp;StartPeriod=0&amp;StartRange=0 (Caused by ConnectTimeoutError(&lt;urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x00000207782F5090&gt;, &#39;Connection to stats.nba.com timed out. (connect timeout=30)&#39;)) </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">100%|██████████| 363/363 [05:27&lt;00:00, 1.11it/s] </span></code></pre> <h2 id="loading-and-pre-processing-the-data"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#loading-and-pre-processing-the-data" aria-label="Anchor link for: loading-and-pre-processing-the-data">Loading and Pre-Processing the Data</a></h2> <p>Now lets load the data. The data has a lot of columns we don't use. So to we import only the data necessary by using the <code>usecols</code> option in <code>pandas.read_csv()</code>.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">season</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">2023<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">cols</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">gameId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">teamName<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">teamId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">offensiveRating<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">defensiveRating<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">netRating<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">possessions<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">read_csv</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-storage z-type z-string z-python">f</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-interpolated z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-interpolated z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">./data/NBA_BoxScores_Adv_</span><span class="z-meta z-interpolation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-interpolation z-begin z-python">{</span><span class="z-source z-python z-embedded"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">season</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-interpolation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-interpolation z-end z-python">}</span></span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">.csv<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">usecols</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">cols</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">cols</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">gameId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">tId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">team<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">ORtg<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">DRtg<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">NRtg<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">poss<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">cols</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">head</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <div> <style scoped> .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type { vertical-align: middle; } <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe tbody tr th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> vertical-align: top; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe thead th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> text-align: right; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span></code></pre> </style> <table border="1" class="dataframe"> <thead> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <th></th> <th>gameId</th> <th>tId</th> <th>team</th> <th>ORtg</th> <th>DRtg</th> <th>NRtg</th> <th>poss</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>0</th> <td>22300001</td> <td>1610612754</td> <td>Pacers</td> <td>118.6</td> <td>112.6</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>102.0</td> </tr> <tr> <th>1</th> <td>22300001</td> <td>1610612739</td> <td>Cavaliers</td> <td>112.6</td> <td>118.6</td> <td>-6.0</td> <td>103.0</td> </tr> <tr> <th>2</th> <td>22300002</td> <td>1610612749</td> <td>Bucks</td> <td>110.0</td> <td>104.0</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>100.0</td> </tr> <tr> <th>3</th> <td>22300002</td> <td>1610612752</td> <td>Knicks</td> <td>104.0</td> <td>110.0</td> <td>-6.0</td> <td>101.0</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p>As you see the printed table, each <code>gameId</code> has two entries, one of each team in the game. Each row has only the information for that team. But what we need is a combined row entry with the opponent information also.<br /> We will use <code>pandas.groupby</code> to achieve that. The variable to apply the operation will be <code>gameId</code>. This operation will create a <code>groupby</code> object, on which further operations can be run.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">groupby</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">gameId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span> </span></code></pre> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">&lt;pandas.core.groupby.generic.DataFrameGroupBy object at 0x00000207787B7710&gt; </span></code></pre> <p>We then use the <code>nth</code> operation to get the 1st and 2nd rows of each game.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_1</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">nth</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_2</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">nth</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">display</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">head</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">display</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_2</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">head</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <div> <style scoped> .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type { vertical-align: middle; } <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe tbody tr th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> vertical-align: top; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe thead th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> text-align: right; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span></code></pre> </style> <table border="1" class="dataframe"> <thead> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <th></th> <th>gameId</th> <th>tId</th> <th>team</th> <th>ORtg</th> <th>DRtg</th> <th>NRtg</th> <th>poss</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>0</th> <td>22300001</td> <td>1610612754</td> <td>Pacers</td> <td>118.6</td> <td>112.6</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>102.0</td> </tr> <tr> <th>2</th> <td>22300002</td> <td>1610612749</td> <td>Bucks</td> <td>110.0</td> <td>104.0</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>100.0</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div> <style scoped> .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type { vertical-align: middle; } <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe tbody tr th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> vertical-align: top; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe thead th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> text-align: right; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span></code></pre> </style> <table border="1" class="dataframe"> <thead> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <th></th> <th>gameId</th> <th>tId</th> <th>team</th> <th>ORtg</th> <th>DRtg</th> <th>NRtg</th> <th>poss</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>1</th> <td>22300001</td> <td>1610612739</td> <td>Cavaliers</td> <td>112.6</td> <td>118.6</td> <td>-6.0</td> <td>103.0</td> </tr> <tr> <th>3</th> <td>22300002</td> <td>1610612752</td> <td>Knicks</td> <td>104.0</td> <td>110.0</td> <td>-6.0</td> <td>101.0</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p>We can then rename the columns of the 1st dataframe, adding <code>1</code> to all its column names, except the <code>gameId</code> column (which is needed for the merging operation later). For the 2nd dataframe, similarly add <code>2</code> to the columns names.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">gameId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-expression z-generator z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-generator z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">!=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">gameId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">gameId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">2<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-expression z-generator z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-generator z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">!=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">gameId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">display</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">head</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">display</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_2</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">head</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <div> <style scoped> .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type { vertical-align: middle; } <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe tbody tr th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> vertical-align: top; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe thead th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> text-align: right; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span></code></pre> </style> <table border="1" class="dataframe"> <thead> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <th></th> <th>gameId</th> <th>tId1</th> <th>team1</th> <th>ORtg1</th> <th>DRtg1</th> <th>NRtg1</th> <th>poss1</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>0</th> <td>22300001</td> <td>1610612754</td> <td>Pacers</td> <td>118.6</td> <td>112.6</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>102.0</td> </tr> <tr> <th>2</th> <td>22300002</td> <td>1610612749</td> <td>Bucks</td> <td>110.0</td> <td>104.0</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>100.0</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div> <style scoped> .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type { vertical-align: middle; } <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe tbody tr th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> vertical-align: top; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe thead th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> text-align: right; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span></code></pre> </style> <table border="1" class="dataframe"> <thead> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <th></th> <th>gameId</th> <th>tId2</th> <th>team2</th> <th>ORtg2</th> <th>DRtg2</th> <th>NRtg2</th> <th>poss2</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>1</th> <td>22300001</td> <td>1610612739</td> <td>Cavaliers</td> <td>112.6</td> <td>118.6</td> <td>-6.0</td> <td>103.0</td> </tr> <tr> <th>3</th> <td>22300002</td> <td>1610612752</td> <td>Knicks</td> <td>104.0</td> <td>110.0</td> <td>-6.0</td> <td>101.0</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p>We then merge the two dataframes <code>df1_1</code> and <code>df1_2</code> on the column <code>gameId</code>, generating the dataframe we need.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_3</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">merge</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_1</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_2</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">on</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">gameId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">display</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_3</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">head</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <div> <style scoped> .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type { vertical-align: middle; } <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe tbody tr th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> vertical-align: top; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe thead th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> text-align: right; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span></code></pre> </style> <table border="1" class="dataframe"> <thead> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <th></th> <th>gameId</th> <th>tId1</th> <th>team1</th> <th>ORtg1</th> <th>DRtg1</th> <th>NRtg1</th> <th>poss1</th> <th>tId2</th> <th>team2</th> <th>ORtg2</th> <th>DRtg2</th> <th>NRtg2</th> <th>poss2</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>0</th> <td>22300001</td> <td>1610612754</td> <td>Pacers</td> <td>118.6</td> <td>112.6</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>102.0</td> <td>1610612739</td> <td>Cavaliers</td> <td>112.6</td> <td>118.6</td> <td>-6.0</td> <td>103.0</td> </tr> <tr> <th>1</th> <td>22300002</td> <td>1610612749</td> <td>Bucks</td> <td>110.0</td> <td>104.0</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>100.0</td> <td>1610612752</td> <td>Knicks</td> <td>104.0</td> <td>110.0</td> <td>-6.0</td> <td>101.0</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p>One more step remaining. What we have right now is one row of each game. But, what we need is two rows for each game as described in my <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-sosadj/#modified-srs-method">blog post</a>. To get that dataframe, we repeat the process above, with <code>0</code> and <code>1</code> flipped when performing the <code>nth</code> operation. Finally we merge the two dataframes <code>df1_3</code> and <code>df1_6</code>, to get the combined dataframe with two rows for each game.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_4</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">nth</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_5</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">nth</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">gameId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-expression z-generator z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-generator z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">!=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">gameId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">gameId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">2<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span> <span class="z-meta z-expression z-generator z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-generator z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">s</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">!=</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">gameId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_6</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">merge</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_4</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_5</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">on</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">gameId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df2</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">concat</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_3</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df1_6</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">sort_values</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">by</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">gameId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">reset_index</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">drop</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-language z-python">True</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">df2</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">copy</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">head</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">4</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <div> <style scoped> .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type { vertical-align: middle; } <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe tbody tr th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> vertical-align: top; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe thead th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> text-align: right; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span></code></pre> </style> <table border="1" class="dataframe"> <thead> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <th></th> <th>gameId</th> <th>tId1</th> <th>team1</th> <th>ORtg1</th> <th>DRtg1</th> <th>NRtg1</th> <th>poss1</th> <th>tId2</th> <th>team2</th> <th>ORtg2</th> <th>DRtg2</th> <th>NRtg2</th> <th>poss2</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>0</th> <td>22300001</td> <td>1610612754</td> <td>Pacers</td> <td>118.6</td> <td>112.6</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>102.0</td> <td>1610612739</td> <td>Cavaliers</td> <td>112.6</td> <td>118.6</td> <td>-6.0</td> <td>103.0</td> </tr> <tr> <th>1</th> <td>22300001</td> <td>1610612739</td> <td>Cavaliers</td> <td>112.6</td> <td>118.6</td> <td>-6.0</td> <td>103.0</td> <td>1610612754</td> <td>Pacers</td> <td>118.6</td> <td>112.6</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>102.0</td> </tr> <tr> <th>2</th> <td>22300002</td> <td>1610612752</td> <td>Knicks</td> <td>104.0</td> <td>110.0</td> <td>-6.0</td> <td>101.0</td> <td>1610612749</td> <td>Bucks</td> <td>110.0</td> <td>104.0</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>100.0</td> </tr> <tr> <th>3</th> <td>22300002</td> <td>1610612749</td> <td>Bucks</td> <td>110.0</td> <td>104.0</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>100.0</td> <td>1610612752</td> <td>Knicks</td> <td>104.0</td> <td>110.0</td> <td>-6.0</td> <td>101.0</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h1 id="processing-the-data"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#processing-the-data" aria-label="Anchor link for: processing-the-data">Processing the Data</a></h1> <p>To process the data in a format required by the Ridge Regression algorithm <code>RidgeCV</code>, we define the following functions:</p> <h2 id="maps-teams"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#maps-teams" aria-label="Anchor link for: maps-teams">maps_teams()</a></h2> <ol> <li>Makes the matrix rows to be used in ridge regression</li> <li>The weights for each team = 1/2</li> <li>Equations per game are:<br /> $$\frac{1}{2}\hat{Team}^1_{OFF} + \frac{1}{2}\hat{Team}^2_{DEF} = Team^1_{OFF} $$ $$\frac{1}{2}\hat{Team}^2_{OFF} + \frac{1}{2}\hat{Team}^1_{DEF} = Team^2_{OFF} $$</li> <li>The reason for doing this is that for unadjusted values of a game: $$ Team^1_{OFF} = Team^2_{DEF} $$</li> <li>So, $$ Team^1_{OFF} = 0.5\times Team^1_{OFF} + 0.5\times Team^2_{DEF} $$</li> <li>Therefore I use a similar structure for estimating adjusted ratings</li> </ol> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">map_teams</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">row_in</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">teams</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">scale</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">t1</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">row_in</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">t2</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">row_in</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">rowOut</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">np</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">zeros</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">len</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">*</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">rowOut</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">index</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">t1</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">scale</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">rowOut</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">index</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">t2</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">len</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">scale</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">rowOut</span></span> </span></code></pre> <h2 id="convert-to-matrices"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#convert-to-matrices" aria-label="Anchor link for: convert-to-matrices">convert_to_matrices()</a></h2> <ol> <li>Converts each row of data dataframe to x stints.</li> <li>Then maps those rows using <code>map_teams</code> function to get matrix X rows</li> <li>Gets Y rows. Here Y is <code>ORtg1</code> i.e. we are trying to predict the offensive rating of the 1st team for every row</li> </ol> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">convert_to_matricies</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">possessions</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">name</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">teams</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">scale</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-default-value z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> extract only the columns we need </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Convert the columns of player ids into a numpy matrix </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stints_x_base</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">possessions</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">tId1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">tId2<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">to_numpy</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Apply our mapping function to the numpy matrix </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stint_X_rows</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">np</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">apply_along_axis</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">map_teams</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stints_x_base</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">scale</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">scale</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> Convert the column of target values into a numpy matrix </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stint_Y_rows</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">possessions</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">name</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">to_numpy</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> return matricies and possessions series </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stint_X_rows</span></span>, <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">stint_Y_rows</span></span> </span></code></pre> <h2 id="lambda-to-alpha"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#lambda-to-alpha" aria-label="Anchor link for: lambda-to-alpha">lambda_to_alpha()</a></h2> <ul> <li>In stats world (<code>R</code>), <code>glmnet()</code> is used for Ridge Regression and uses the parameter $\lambda$. Most the NBA stats people use this parameter $\lambda$ for discussing the regularization parameter. But <code>sklearn.linear_model.RidgeCV()</code> has a parameter $\alpha$, which isn't the same. </li> <li>So we need to convert $\lambda$ to $\alpha$ needed for Ridge CV. <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/160096/what-are-the-differences-between-ridge-regression-using-rs-glmnet-and-pythons">More details here</a></li> </ul> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">lambda_to_alpha</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">lambda_value</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">samples</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">lambda_value</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">*</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">samples</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-end z-python">)</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">/</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-float z-decimal z-python">2<span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-decimal z-python">.</span>0</span> </span></code></pre> <h2 id="calculate-netrtg"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#calculate-netrtg" aria-label="Anchor link for: calculate-netrtg">calculate_netrtg()</a></h2> <ol> <li>Converts lambdas to alphas using <code>lambda_to_alpha</code> function</li> <li>Defines the ridge regression problem using <code>scikit-learn</code>'s <code>RidgeCV</code> algorithm</li> <li><code>cv=5</code> is chosen i.e. k-fold cross-validation splitting strategy using <code>k=5</code></li> <li><code>Intercept</code> is set as true. This value is to be added later to our estimation results to get Offensive and Defensive ratings.</li> <li>Gets coefficients and intercept</li> <li>Add intercept to intercept to get adjusted ratings. Use adjusted off and def ratings to calculate adjusted net rating.</li> <li>Create and return adjusted ratings dataframe</li> </ol> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-storage z-type z-function z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-declaration z-function z-python">def</span></span> <span class="z-entity z-name z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">calculate_netrtg</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-begin z-python">(</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-parameters z-python"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">train_x</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">train_y</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">lambdas</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-parameters z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">teams_list</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-parameters z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-function z-begin z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">alphas</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">lambda_to_alpha</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">l</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">train_x</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">shape</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-expression z-generator z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-generator z-python">for</span> <span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">l</span> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-loop z-for z-in z-python">in</span></span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">lambdas</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> create a 5 fold CV ridgeCV model. Our target data is not centered at 0, so we want to fit to an intercept. </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">clf</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">RidgeCV</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">alphas</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">alphas</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">cv</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">fit_intercept</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-language z-python">True</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> fit our training data </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">model</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">clf</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">fit</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">train_x</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">train_y</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> convert our list of players into a mx1 matrix </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">team_arr</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">np</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">transpose</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">np</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">array</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_list</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">reshape</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">len</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_list</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> extract our coefficients into the offensive and defensive parts </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">coef_offensive_array</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">model</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">coef_</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span> <span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-slice z-python">:</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">len</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_list</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">np</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">newaxis</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">T</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">coef_defensive_array</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">model</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">coef_</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">len</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_list</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> <span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-slice z-python">:</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">*</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">len</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_list</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">np</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">newaxis</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">T</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> concatenate the offensive and defensive values with the playey ids into a mx3 matrix </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">team_id_with_coef</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">np</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">concatenate</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">team_arr</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">coef_offensive_array</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">coef_defensive_array</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">axis</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-comment z-line z-number-sign z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-comment z-python">#</span> build a dataframe from our matrix </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_coef</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">DataFrame</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">team_id_with_coef</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">intercept</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">model</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">intercept_</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_coef</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">columns</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">tId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aOFF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aDEF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_coef</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aNET<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_coef</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aOFF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">-</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_coef</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aDEF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_coef</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aOFF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_coef</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aOFF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">intercept</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_coef</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aDEF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_coef</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aDEF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">intercept</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_coef</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Team<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_coef</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">tId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">map</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_dict</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_coef</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">tId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Team<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aOFF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aDEF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aNET<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">sort_values</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">by</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aNET<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">ascending</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-language z-python">False</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">reset_index</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">drop</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-language z-python">True</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-control z-flow z-return z-python">return</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results</span></span>, <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">model</span></span>, <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">intercept</span></span> </span></code></pre> <h1 id="estimating-adjusted-ratings"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#estimating-adjusted-ratings" aria-label="Anchor link for: estimating-adjusted-ratings">Estimating Adjusted Ratings</a></h1> <p>Next, we run the functions defined above to generated the adjusted ratings</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">train_x</span></span>, <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">train_y</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">convert_to_matricies</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">ORtg1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_list</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">scale</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-float z-decimal z-python">0<span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-decimal z-python">.</span>5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">lambdas_net</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-float z-decimal z-python">0<span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-decimal z-python">.</span>015</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-float z-decimal z-python">0<span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-decimal z-python">.</span>075</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-float z-decimal z-python">0<span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-decimal z-python">.</span>15</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_adj</span></span>, <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">model</span></span>, <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">intercept</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">calculate_netrtg</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">train_x</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">train_y</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">lambdas_net</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teams_list</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">print</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-storage z-type z-string z-python">f</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-interpolated z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-interpolated z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Intercept = </span><span class="z-meta z-interpolation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-interpolation z-begin z-python">{</span><span class="z-source z-python z-embedded"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">intercept</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-interpolation z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-interpolation z-end z-python">}</span></span><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">Intercept = 114.2197043446658 </span></code></pre> <p>The intercept here can be interpreted as the league average offensive/defensive rating. Here are the adjusted ratings.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_adj</span></span> </span></code></pre> <div> <style scoped> .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type { vertical-align: middle; } <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe tbody tr th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> vertical-align: top; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe thead th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> text-align: right; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span></code></pre> </style> <table border="1" class="dataframe"> <thead> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <th></th> <th>tId</th> <th>Team</th> <th>aOFF</th> <th>aDEF</th> <th>aNET</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>0</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Philadelphia 76ers</td> <td>121.065207</td> <td>110.772873</td> <td>10.292335</td> </tr> <tr> <th>1</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Boston Celtics</td> <td>118.828331</td> <td>108.764236</td> <td>10.064095</td> </tr> <tr> <th>2</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Oklahoma City Thunder</td> <td>117.702690</td> <td>110.814878</td> <td>6.887812</td> </tr> <tr> <th>3</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Minnesota Timberwolves</td> <td>113.207243</td> <td>106.628440</td> <td>6.578803</td> </tr> <tr> <th>4</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Denver Nuggets</td> <td>118.395144</td> <td>113.090987</td> <td>5.304157</td> </tr> <tr> <th>5</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>LA Clippers</td> <td>115.366218</td> <td>111.064890</td> <td>4.301329</td> </tr> <tr> <th>6</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Orlando Magic</td> <td>113.446035</td> <td>109.345141</td> <td>4.100894</td> </tr> <tr> <th>7</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>New York Knicks</td> <td>117.214095</td> <td>113.291210</td> <td>3.922885</td> </tr> <tr> <th>8</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Houston Rockets</td> <td>111.781191</td> <td>107.967128</td> <td>3.814063</td> </tr> <tr> <th>9</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Milwaukee Bucks</td> <td>118.657846</td> <td>115.338466</td> <td>3.319381</td> </tr> <tr> <th>10</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Brooklyn Nets</td> <td>116.937071</td> <td>114.575413</td> <td>2.361658</td> </tr> <tr> <th>11</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Indiana Pacers</td> <td>122.514626</td> <td>120.553872</td> <td>1.960754</td> </tr> <tr> <th>12</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Dallas Mavericks</td> <td>118.932015</td> <td>117.355888</td> <td>1.576127</td> </tr> <tr> <th>13</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>New Orleans Pelicans</td> <td>114.101714</td> <td>113.092424</td> <td>1.009290</td> </tr> <tr> <th>14</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Golden State Warriors</td> <td>114.940190</td> <td>114.182474</td> <td>0.757716</td> </tr> <tr> <th>15</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Miami Heat</td> <td>114.132399</td> <td>113.518409</td> <td>0.613991</td> </tr> <tr> <th>16</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Atlanta Hawks</td> <td>118.941745</td> <td>118.485097</td> <td>0.456648</td> </tr> <tr> <th>17</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Phoenix Suns</td> <td>116.960966</td> <td>116.528575</td> <td>0.432391</td> </tr> <tr> <th>18</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Cleveland Cavaliers</td> <td>111.023001</td> <td>110.911526</td> <td>0.111475</td> </tr> <tr> <th>19</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Los Angeles Lakers</td> <td>112.332601</td> <td>112.222641</td> <td>0.109959</td> </tr> <tr> <th>20</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Sacramento Kings</td> <td>115.306403</td> <td>115.211154</td> <td>0.095249</td> </tr> <tr> <th>21</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Toronto Raptors</td> <td>112.389538</td> <td>114.521311</td> <td>-2.131772</td> </tr> <tr> <th>22</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Chicago Bulls</td> <td>111.271702</td> <td>115.736148</td> <td>-4.464446</td> </tr> <tr> <th>23</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Memphis Grizzlies</td> <td>106.322251</td> <td>113.173911</td> <td>-6.851659</td> </tr> <tr> <th>24</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Portland Trail Blazers</td> <td>106.938770</td> <td>114.757369</td> <td>-7.818600</td> </tr> <tr> <th>25</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Charlotte Hornets</td> <td>112.456339</td> <td>120.395203</td> <td>-7.938864</td> </tr> <tr> <th>26</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Utah Jazz</td> <td>110.533878</td> <td>118.914809</td> <td>-8.380931</td> </tr> <tr> <th>27</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Washington Wizards</td> <td>111.230457</td> <td>120.661742</td> <td>-9.431285</td> </tr> <tr> <th>28</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>San Antonio Spurs</td> <td>107.330475</td> <td>117.157667</td> <td>-9.827192</td> </tr> <tr> <th>29</th> <td>1.610613e+09</td> <td>Detroit Pistons</td> <td>106.330988</td> <td>117.557249</td> <td>-11.226261</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h1 id="finishing-touches"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#finishing-touches" aria-label="Anchor link for: finishing-touches">Finishing Touches</a></h1> <p>We're not done yet. Now we need to compare the adjusted ratings with the unadjusted ones. But, we haven't calculated the unadjusted ratings yet. Let's do it now.</p> <p>For a single game: $$ PTS_{OFF}*100 = ORtg^1 \times poss^1 $$ $$ PTS_{DEF}*100 = DRtg^1 \times poss^1 $$</p> <p>Applying these operations on the <code>data</code> dataframe:</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">pts_off<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">ORtg1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">*</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">poss1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">pts_def<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">DRtg1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">*</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">poss1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>We have to use the <code>groupby</code> operation again, now on the <code>tId1</code> column. After the <code>groupby</code> operation, we chain an <code>agg</code> (aggregate) operation, which applies a function on all rows of the group. The function we chose here is <code>sum</code>, which adds all the <code>pts</code> and and <code>poss</code> for a team.</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">off_p</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">groupby</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">tId1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">poss1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">pts_off<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">agg</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">sum<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">reset_index</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">def_p</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">data</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">groupby</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">tId1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">poss1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">pts_def<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">agg</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">sum<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">reset_index</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>The unadjusted team ratings would then be: $$ OFF = \frac{PTS_{OFF}^{Total}}{poss^{Total}} $$ $$ DEF = \frac{PTS_{DEF}^{Total}}{poss^{Total}} $$ </p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">off_p</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">OFF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">off_p</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">pts_off<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">/</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">off_p</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">poss1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">off_p</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">off_p</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">tId1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">OFF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">def_p</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">DEF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">def_p</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">pts_def<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">/</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">def_p</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">poss1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">def_p</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">def_p</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">tId1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">DEF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>We then merge these ratings to the <code>results_adj</code> dataframe</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_net</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">merge</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">off_p</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">def_p</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">on</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">tId1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_net</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">NET<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_net</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">OFF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">-</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_net</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">DEF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_net</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">rename</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">columns</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-begin z-python">{</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-key z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">tId1<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-mapping z-key-value z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"> </span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-value z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">tId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-mapping z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-mapping z-end z-python">}</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">inplace</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-language z-python">True</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_net</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_net</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">astype</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-support z-type z-python">float</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">round</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">2</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_net</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">tId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_net</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">tId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">astype</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-support z-type z-python">int</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_adj</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">tId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_adj</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">tId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">astype</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-support z-type z-python">int</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_comb</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">pd</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">merge</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_net</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_adj</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">on</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">tId<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_comb</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aOFF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_comb</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aOFF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_comb</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aDEF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_comb</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aDEF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_comb</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">oSOS<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_comb</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aOFF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">-</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_comb</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">OFF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_comb</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">dSOS<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_comb</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">DEF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">-</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_comb</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aDEF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_comb</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">SOS<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_comb</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">oSOS<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_comb</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">dSOS<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_comb</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">iloc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-slice z-python">:</span>, <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-slice z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_comb</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">iloc</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-slice z-python">:</span>, <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-slice z-python">:</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">round</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results_comb</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-begin z-python">[</span></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-list z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">[</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">Team<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">OFF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">oSOS<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aOFF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">DEF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">dSOS<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aDEF<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">NET<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">SOS<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aNET<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span></span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-arguments z-python"></span><span class="z-meta z-item-access z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-brackets z-end z-python">]</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">sort_values</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">by</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-begin z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-string z-python"><span class="z-string z-quoted z-double z-python">aNET<span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-string z-end z-python">&quot;</span></span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">ascending</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">0</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">reset_index</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-python">drop</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span><span class="z-constant z-language z-python">True</span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">index</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-python">=</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">index</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-arithmetic z-python">+</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">1</span> </span></code></pre> <h2 id="reminder"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#reminder" aria-label="Anchor link for: reminder">Reminder</a></h2> <p>You can find the notebook version of this tutorial on my github: <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/sravanpannala/NBA-Tutorials/blob/main/sos_adjusted_ratings/how_to_adjust_nba_team_ratings_for_sos.ipynb">(https://github.com/sravanpannala/NBA-Tutorials/blob/main/sos_adjusted_ratings/how_to_adjust_nba_team_ratings_for_sos.ipynb</a></p> <h2 id="final-combined-data-table"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#final-combined-data-table" aria-label="Anchor link for: final-combined-data-table">Final Combined Data table:</a></h2> <p>You can save it as <code>csv</code> file and then you some fancy visualization tool to create a <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA/status/1725722980159045792">pretty looking table</a> and/or <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA/status/1727377558176661774">efficiency landscape graph</a></p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">results</span></span> </span></code></pre> <div> <style scoped> .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type { vertical-align: middle; } <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe tbody tr th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> vertical-align: top; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">.dataframe thead th { </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> text-align: right; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">} </span></code></pre> </style> <table border="1" class="dataframe"> <thead> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <th></th> <th>Team</th> <th>OFF</th> <th>oSOS</th> <th>aOFF</th> <th>DEF</th> <th>dSOS</th> <th>aDEF</th> <th>NET</th> <th>SOS</th> <th>aNET</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th>1</th> <td>Philadelphia 76ers</td> <td>121.2</td> <td>-0.1</td> <td>121.1</td> <td>110.9</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>110.8</td> <td>10.3</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>10.3</td> </tr> <tr> <th>2</th> <td>Boston Celtics</td> <td>118.3</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>118.8</td> <td>109.6</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>108.8</td> <td>8.7</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>10.1</td> </tr> <tr> <th>3</th> <td>Oklahoma City Thunder</td> <td>117.6</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>117.7</td> <td>110.6</td> <td>-0.2</td> <td>110.8</td> <td>7.0</td> <td>-0.1</td> <td>6.9</td> </tr> <tr> <th>4</th> <td>Minnesota Timberwolves</td> <td>113.3</td> <td>-0.1</td> <td>113.2</td> <td>106.6</td> <td>-0.1</td> <td>106.6</td> <td>6.7</td> <td>-0.2</td> <td>6.6</td> </tr> <tr> <th>5</th> <td>Denver Nuggets</td> <td>117.3</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>118.4</td> <td>112.6</td> <td>-0.5</td> <td>113.1</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>5.3</td> </tr> <tr> <th>6</th> <td>LA Clippers</td> <td>115.4</td> <td>-0.1</td> <td>115.4</td> <td>110.6</td> <td>-0.5</td> <td>111.1</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>-0.5</td> <td>4.3</td> </tr> <tr> <th>7</th> <td>Orlando Magic</td> <td>113.8</td> <td>-0.4</td> <td>113.4</td> <td>109.5</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>109.3</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>-0.2</td> <td>4.1</td> </tr> <tr> <th>8</th> <td>New York Knicks</td> <td>117.3</td> <td>-0.1</td> <td>117.2</td> <td>113.3</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>113.3</td> <td>4.0</td> <td>-0.1</td> <td>3.9</td> </tr> <tr> <th>9</th> <td>Houston Rockets</td> <td>111.4</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>111.8</td> <td>107.4</td> <td>-0.5</td> <td>108.0</td> <td>4.0</td> <td>-0.2</td> <td>3.8</td> </tr> <tr> <th>10</th> <td>Milwaukee Bucks</td> <td>119.3</td> <td>-0.7</td> <td>118.7</td> <td>115.7</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>115.3</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>-0.3</td> <td>3.3</td> </tr> <tr> <th>11</th> <td>Brooklyn Nets</td> <td>116.9</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>116.9</td> <td>115.0</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>114.6</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>2.4</td> </tr> <tr> <th>12</th> <td>Indiana Pacers</td> <td>122.4</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>122.5</td> <td>120.1</td> <td>-0.4</td> <td>120.6</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>-0.3</td> <td>2.0</td> </tr> <tr> <th>13</th> <td>Dallas Mavericks</td> <td>118.5</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>118.9</td> <td>116.4</td> <td>-1.0</td> <td>117.4</td> <td>2.2</td> <td>-0.6</td> <td>1.6</td> </tr> <tr> <th>14</th> <td>New Orleans Pelicans</td> <td>114.1</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>114.1</td> <td>113.1</td> <td>-0.0</td> <td>113.1</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>-0.0</td> <td>1.0</td> </tr> <tr> <th>15</th> <td>Golden State Warriors</td> <td>114.0</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>114.9</td> <td>114.2</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>114.2</td> <td>-0.2</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>0.8</td> </tr> <tr> <th>16</th> <td>Miami Heat</td> <td>114.7</td> <td>-0.6</td> <td>114.1</td> <td>113.5</td> <td>-0.0</td> <td>113.5</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>-0.6</td> <td>0.6</td> </tr> <tr> <th>17</th> <td>Atlanta Hawks</td> <td>118.7</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>118.9</td> <td>118.8</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>118.5</td> <td>-0.1</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.5</td> </tr> <tr> <th>18</th> <td>Phoenix Suns</td> <td>116.6</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>117.0</td> <td>115.4</td> <td>-1.1</td> <td>116.5</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>-0.7</td> <td>0.4</td> </tr> <tr> <th>19</th> <td>Los Angeles Lakers</td> <td>112.2</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>112.3</td> <td>111.8</td> <td>-0.5</td> <td>112.2</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>-0.3</td> <td>0.1</td> </tr> <tr> <th>20</th> <td>Sacramento Kings</td> <td>114.6</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>115.3</td> <td>114.9</td> <td>-0.3</td> <td>115.2</td> <td>-0.2</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.1</td> </tr> <tr> <th>21</th> <td>Cleveland Cavaliers</td> <td>111.1</td> <td>-0.0</td> <td>111.0</td> <td>111.5</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>110.9</td> <td>-0.5</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.1</td> </tr> <tr> <th>22</th> <td>Toronto Raptors</td> <td>112.7</td> <td>-0.3</td> <td>112.4</td> <td>114.9</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>114.5</td> <td>-2.2</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>-2.1</td> </tr> <tr> <th>23</th> <td>Chicago Bulls</td> <td>111.6</td> <td>-0.3</td> <td>111.3</td> <td>115.7</td> <td>-0.1</td> <td>115.7</td> <td>-4.1</td> <td>-0.4</td> <td>-4.5</td> </tr> <tr> <th>24</th> <td>Memphis Grizzlies</td> <td>106.5</td> <td>-0.2</td> <td>106.3</td> <td>112.7</td> <td>-0.5</td> <td>113.2</td> <td>-6.2</td> <td>-0.7</td> <td>-6.9</td> </tr> <tr> <th>25</th> <td>Portland Trail Blazers</td> <td>107.2</td> <td>-0.3</td> <td>106.9</td> <td>114.2</td> <td>-0.5</td> <td>114.8</td> <td>-7.0</td> <td>-0.8</td> <td>-7.8</td> </tr> <tr> <th>26</th> <td>Charlotte Hornets</td> <td>112.6</td> <td>-0.1</td> <td>112.5</td> <td>120.4</td> <td>-0.0</td> <td>120.4</td> <td>-7.8</td> <td>-0.2</td> <td>-7.9</td> </tr> <tr> <th>27</th> <td>Utah Jazz</td> <td>110.4</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>110.5</td> <td>118.1</td> <td>-0.8</td> <td>118.9</td> <td>-7.6</td> <td>-0.7</td> <td>-8.4</td> </tr> <tr> <th>28</th> <td>Washington Wizards</td> <td>111.8</td> <td>-0.6</td> <td>111.2</td> <td>121.4</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>120.7</td> <td>-9.6</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>-9.4</td> </tr> <tr> <th>29</th> <td>San Antonio Spurs</td> <td>107.0</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>107.3</td> <td>117.3</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>117.2</td> <td>-10.3</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>-9.8</td> </tr> <tr> <th>30</th> <td>Detroit Pistons</td> <td>106.8</td> <td>-0.5</td> <td>106.3</td> <td>117.8</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>117.6</td> <td>-11.0</td> <td>-0.2</td> <td>-11.2</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> 2023-12-24T00:00:00+00:00 2023-12-24T00:00:00+00:00 Unknown https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/linux-shiny-1/ <h2 id="introduction"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#introduction" aria-label="Anchor link for: introduction">Introduction</a></h2> <p>I keep seeing good Shiny apps from the NBA Analytics community and find them cool. Some of them are:</p> <ul> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://apanalytics.shinyapps.io/DARKO/">Darko</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/kmedved">Kostya Medvedovsky</a> &amp; <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/anpatt7">Andrew Patton</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://ramirobentes.shinyapps.io/gameofruns/">Game of Runs</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/NbaInRstats">Ramiro Bentes</a></li> </ul> <h3 id="learning-r"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#learning-r" aria-label="Anchor link for: learning-r">Learning R</a></h3> <p>But these apps were in <code>R</code>, and I didn't know <code>R</code> then. I started learning R on Nov 7, 2023, after <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA/status/1721997698906415168">interacting with another Twitter user</a> who wanted someone to recreate a cool-looking Owen Phillips <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/owenlhjphillips/status/1392475252945350656">Bad Calls visualization</a>. I got the code from Owen's <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://thef5.substack.com/">Substack</a> and modified it just enough to recreate it for the latest data within a <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/georgemikan/status/1722086399317348702">few hours</a>. Hardest part was setting up the <code>R</code> development environment in VSCode. </p> <p>Because I knew what <code>R</code> was, Shiny didn't seem that distant to me anymore. Through Shiny's documentation, I discovered that there is <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://Shiny.posit.co/py/">Shiny for Python</a>. This was excellent news for me since I was much more comfortable writing code in Python as I was a beginner in <code>R</code>. Still, I didn't start immediately, for the main reason that I didn't have any ideas for cool apps and didn't have background of existing NBA Analytics works which could then be converted into apps. </p> <p>Since that day, I have published many NBA analyses and visualizations on Twitter (you can find the collection of tweets <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA/timelines/1355559613777797122">here</a>). So now I have a catalog of works I can build apps from. </p> <p>Also, between Nov 8 and Dec 21, 2023, I found more apps I liked:</p> <ul> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://swishlistanalytics.shinyapps.io/kd_tracker/">Kill/Death Ratio Tracker</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/RealSwishList">Swishlist</a> </li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://saurabhrane.shinyapps.io/playerCombos/">Player Combos</a> by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SaurabhOnTap">Saurabh Rane</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://positiveresidual.com/apps/">Positive Residual's collection of Apps</a> So, a few days ago (Dec 21, 2023), I found enough motivation to start making Shiny apps.</li> </ul> <h2 id="getting-started-with-shiny"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#getting-started-with-shiny" aria-label="Anchor link for: getting-started-with-shiny">Getting Started with Shiny</a></h2> <p>I started my Shiny journey by reading documentation and other resources to get Shiny set up. Shiny has a easy way to generate examples automatically through the command line. So, I tried some of them and was able to play with them a little. Next, I wanted to see how to deploy the example apps to the web, as it would be a trial run for when I publish the apps I would make in the future. </p> <h3 id="deploying-considerations"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#deploying-considerations" aria-label="Anchor link for: deploying-considerations">Deploying Considerations</a></h3> <p>Most of the apps I've shared in the introduction of this blog are hosted by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.shinyapps.io/">shinyapps.io</a>. Posit, the company behind Shiny and RStudio, makes it easy to deploy apps to shinyapps.io v<a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.shinyapps.io/">shinyapps.io</a> directly via RStudio. But I don't use RStudio because I'm developing in python. Looking at their <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://Shiny.posit.co/py/docs/deploy-cloud.html">documentation</a> for Python they have a package called <code>rsconnect-python</code> that enables you to push your Python Shiny app to shinyapps.io. Then I went to sign up at shinyapps.io and looked at the free tier. Here are the <em>perks</em> of a free account:</p> <ul> <li>5 application limit</li> <li>25 active hours For a free option that is not good, at least compared to Heroku [(R.I.P)] (https://www.techtarget.com/searchsoftwarequality/news/252524336/Heroku-to-end-free-tiers-creating-platform-void-for-devs) I used for my <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/sravanpannala/WNBA">WNBA RAPM Application</a> (also R.I.P) around 2.5 years ago.<br /> But the difference in me from back then is that I now have experience self hosting stuff on my Single Board Computers (SBC) like <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.raspberrypi.org/">Raspberry Pi</a> running Linux. I became so interested in Linux's flexibility as an operating system that I became a developer for the SBC (also called <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.arm.com/">ARM</a> machines) version of a popular Linux distribution called <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://endeavouros.com/">EndeavourOS</a>.</li> </ul> <p>Now, getting back to Shiny (before running off on another tangent), there is good <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://Shiny.posit.co/py/docs/deploy-on-prem.html">documentation</a> on self-hosting Shiny apps. As an open-source advocate, my eyes immediately landed on the <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://shiny.posit.co/py/docs/deploy-on-prem.html#deploy-to-shiny-server-open-source">open-source option</a>.</p> <h2 id="building-an-arm-server"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#building-an-arm-server" aria-label="Anchor link for: building-an-arm-server">Building an ARM Server</a></h2> <p>I faced a huge issue right away. The documentation didn't have a way to deploy a Shiny server for ARM devices.<br /> So, I immediately did a web search, which landed me at <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/hvalev/shiny-server-arm-docker">hvalev/shiny-server-arm-docker</a>, which had a docker image for Shiny-Server on ARM.<br /> Again, there was a small (well, maybe big) issue. It was shipped with Python 3.7 and didn't have Python 3.11, since it's based on <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.debian.org/releases/buster/">Debian Buster</a> and didn't come with any preinstalled packages required for data science (like ggplot, etc.).<br /> There was a way to add the packages later, but the Python version was a deal breaker since I needed at least Python 3.9 for the packages I use. Therefore, my only option was to build my image based on <code>hvalev/shiny-server-arm-docker</code> with my custom modifications.</p> <h3 id="features-i-needed"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#features-i-needed" aria-label="Anchor link for: features-i-needed">Features I needed:</a></h3> <ul> <li><code>python3.11</code>: Recent version for future-proofing.</li> <li>Standard data handling and visualization packages: <ul> <li><code>python</code>: <ul> <li><code>shiny</code>: for running Python Shiny apps</li> <li><code>plotnine</code>: <code>ggplot</code> for Python</li> <li><code>seaborn</code>: plotting</li> <li><code>plotly</code>: interactive visualization</li> <li><code>scikit-learn</code>: statistical analysis</li> <li><code>pyarrow</code>: for reading data stored in <code>parquet</code> files (a better alternative to <code>csv</code>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><code>R</code>: <ul> <li><code>tidyverse</code> : data science</li> <li><code>gt</code> : great looking tables</li> <li><code>gtExtras</code> : additional features for <code>gt</code></li> <li><code>ggimage</code> : add images to <code>ggplot</code></li> <li><code>ggtext</code> : modifying text in <code>ggplot</code></li> <li><code>scales</code> : axis scales for <code>ggplot</code></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="extending-existing-image"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#extending-existing-image" aria-label="Anchor link for: extending-existing-image">Extending Existing Image</a></h3> <p>Docker makes it easy to extend existing images by using a <code>Dockerfile</code>. A <code>Dockerfile</code> usually looks like this:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">FROM base_docker_image_name </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">Do operations </span></code></pre> <p>In our case, this would be:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">FROM hvalev/shiny-server-arm:latest </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">Do operations </span></code></pre> <p>You can have the <code>Dockerfile</code> execute a list of operations to configure the image to your needs. Then, a docker image can be created from the <code>Docker file</code> using <code>docker build</code> command. In the directory with the <code>Dockerfile</code>, run this command:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">docker build -t image_name . </span></code></pre> <p>It's as simple as that. </p> <h3 id="dockerfile"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#dockerfile" aria-label="Anchor link for: dockerfile">Dockerfile</a></h3> <p>Lets look at the operations I performed to modify the image. We start by pulling the existing image and update it. In docker you can get the working directory using <code>WORKDIR</code> instruction and run a command using the default shell using <code>RUN</code> instruction. These instructions are similar to the <code>FROM</code> instruction we've seen before.</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">FROM hvalev/shiny-server-arm:latest </span><span class="z-text z-plain">WORKDIR /root </span><span class="z-text z-plain">RUN apt update -y &amp;&amp; apt upgrade -y </span></code></pre> <p>Since we have to build python3.11, we need to install these packages:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">RUN apt install -y build-essential zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev libgdbm-dev libnss3-dev libssl-dev libreadline-dev libffi-dev libsqlite3-dev wget libbz2-dev </span></code></pre> <p>Let's download the Python source file and extract it for compiling:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">RUN wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.11.6/Python-3.11.6.tgz &amp;&amp;\ </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> tar -xvf Python-3.11.6.tgz </span></code></pre> <p>We can then build Python using these commands adopted from <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://linuxize.com/post/how-to-install-python-3-9-on-debian-10/">this site</a>:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">WORKDIR /root/python-3.11.6 </span><span class="z-text z-plain">RUN ./configure --enable-optimizations </span><span class="z-text z-plain">RUN make -j 4 </span><span class="z-text z-plain">RUN make altinstall </span></code></pre> <p>I running make with <code>-j4</code> makes compiling Python faster using 4 threads instead of 1. I then run some cleanup to make sure the image size remains as small as possible</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">RUN rm -rf ./python-3.11.6* </span><span class="z-text z-plain">RUN apt clean -y </span><span class="z-text z-plain">RUN apt autoremove -y </span></code></pre> <p>Next, let's install the Python packages, starting by upgrading pip:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">RUN pip3.11 install --no-cache-dir --upgrade pip </span><span class="z-text z-plain">RUN pip3.11 install --no-cache-dir shiny plotnine seaborn plotly pyarrow scikit-learn </span></code></pre> <p>We are getting to the last stages now. Let's install the R packages. These need additional dependencies to compile correctly, so let's install those first. I made this list of dependencies by looking at the output of failed builds. </p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">RUN apt install -y libv8-dev libharfbuzz-dev libfribidi-dev libmagick++-dev </span><span class="z-text z-plain">RUN R -e &quot;install.packages(c(&#39;tidyverse&#39;,&#39;gt&#39;,&#39;gtExtras&#39;,&#39;ggimage&#39;,&#39;ggtext&#39;,&#39;scales&#39;), Ncpus = 4, repos=&#39;https://repo.miserver.it.umich.edu/cran/&#39;)&quot; </span></code></pre> <p>Similar to compiling python, we set <code>Ncpus = 4</code> to utilize 4 threads and speed up the builds. During my testing, it cut down build time from 45 mins to 15 minutes (3x speedup). Finally, let's create a shared folder to store data</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">RUN mkdir -p /var/data/ </span></code></pre> <p>We need to run <code>docker build</code> now to build the image:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">docker build -t shiny-server-arm-python . </span></code></pre> <h2 id="deploying-the-server"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#deploying-the-server" aria-label="Anchor link for: deploying-the-server">Deploying the Server</a></h2> <p>Yay, we have an image with Shiny-Server, which can run on ARM devices and has both Python and R support. But, we don't have a server yet. First, we need to configure the server, which we can do by creating a <code>docker-compose.yml</code> file in an empty folder where you want your server to reside, with the following contents:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">version: &quot;0.1&quot; </span><span class="z-text z-plain">services: </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> shiny-server: </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> image: sradjoker/shiny-server-arm-python:latest </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> container_name: shiny-server </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> ports: </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> - 3838:3838 </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> volumes: </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> - ~/shiny-server/apps:/srv/shiny-server/ </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> - ~/shiny-server/logs:/var/log/shiny-server/ </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> - ~/shiny-server/conf:/etc/shiny-server/ </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> # Optional: Mount additional data directory </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> # - ~/nbadata/:/var/data/ </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> restart: always </span></code></pre> <p>After saving the file run the following command:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">docker-compose up -d </span></code></pre> <p>The server will be available at:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">http://localhost:3838/ </span></code></pre> <p>Remember that this is just a local server available on your host computer and other computers in the network. Connecting it to your domain, as I did at: </p> <blockquote> <p><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://shiny.sradjoker.cc/">https://shiny.sradjoker.cc/</a></p> </blockquote> <p>needs tunneling your port to your domain. I tunnel through Cloudflare. You can find the instructions on how to do it <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://developers.cloudflare.com/cloudflare-one/connections/connect-networks/get-started/">here</a>. To use this Cloudfare method to deploy the server to the web, you must first let Cloudflare manage your website, which can be done by following the instructions <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://developers.cloudflare.com/fundamentals/setup/account-setup/add-site/">here</a>. </p> <h1 id="conclusion"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#conclusion" aria-label="Anchor link for: conclusion">Conclusion</a></h1> <p>We have seen my journey to start making Shiny apps, including me starting with example apps but immediately transitioning into making a server to host my apps on (I find it funny, do you). I thought the server image that I've created would be a tool that might be helpful for other people interested in self-hosting their Shiny apps, so I released it on Github:</p> <p><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/sravanpannala/shiny-server-arm-python">https://github.com/sravanpannala/shiny-server-arm-python</a>. </p> <p>You can find instructions on how to make your Shiny server there. </p> <p>That's it for Part I. In Part II, I will talk about my first original Shiny Apps. Keep an eye out for it.</p> 2023-12-13T00:00:00+00:00 2023-12-13T00:00:00+00:00 Unknown https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-3pt-winning/ <h2 id="introduction"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#introduction" aria-label="Anchor link for: introduction">Introduction</a></h2> <p>Three-point shooting is everywhere in the NBA currently. Teams are attempting and making more threes. Here are 3 Point attempts (3PA) per game (PG) every season for the last 10 seasons (including this one):</p> <!--  --> <img src="./nba_3pt_winning_1.png" width="500" height="400"> <p>3PA per game was around 22 in 2014-15 and increased yearly till the 2021-22 season. The 3PA per game since has stabilized to a value between 34-35 per game. Meanwhile, the accuracy of 3PT shots hasn't changed drastically over the years, fluctuating between 35 and 37%:</p> <!--  --> <img src="./nba_3pt_winning_2.png" width="500" height="400"> <p>So, we see that even though 3PA increased over the past decade, the accuracy still hasn't changed drastically. So what about the number of 3PT makes per game:</p> <!--  --> <img src="./nba_3pt_winning_3.png" width="500" height="400"> <p>We see that 3PM has increased from around 8 makes in 2014-15 to around 12 makes in 2020. Also, because 3PA has stabilized over the past seasons and the accuracy isn't much different from season to season, we see that the number of 3PT makes per game has stabilized to a value of around 12.5 over the past 5 seasons.</p> <p>But are all the increased 3PT shooting resulting in more wins for teams? What I'm interested in exploring is how important 3PT shooting is to winning games, which is the end goal.</p> <h2 id="how-often-does-a-team-win-when-it-attempts-more-3s-than-the-opponent"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#how-often-does-a-team-win-when-it-attempts-more-3s-than-the-opponent" aria-label="Anchor link for: how-often-does-a-team-win-when-it-attempts-more-3s-than-the-opponent">How often does a team win when it attempts more 3s than the opponent:</a></h2> <p>First, let's see if just attempting more 3s (3PA) than the opponent is enough to win. Here is how often the teams win in such a condition:</p> <!--  --> <img src="./nba_3pt_winning_4.png" width="500" height="400"> <p>We see that teams initially had an advantage when attempting more 3s than opponents from 2014-2019. But that advantage has decreased from a 55% winning rate in 2014-15 to around 50% in 2018-19. From 2018-19 to the current season, there is no correlation between 3PA and winning.</p> <blockquote> <p>So, this means that the simple math advantage the teams had initially (3 &gt; 2) doesn't exist anymore. </p> </blockquote> <p>We see similar trends even when teams attempt 5 more 3-pointers than their opponents:</p> <!--  --> <img src="./nba_3pt_winning_5.png" width="500" height="400"> <p>Hence, we have to explore additional metrics like 3PM and 3PT%.</p> <h2 id="how-often-does-a-team-win-when-it-outscores-its-opponent-from-3pt-range"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#how-often-does-a-team-win-when-it-outscores-its-opponent-from-3pt-range" aria-label="Anchor link for: how-often-does-a-team-win-when-it-outscores-its-opponent-from-3pt-range">How often does a team win when it outscores its opponent from 3PT range:</a></h2> <h3 id="team-3pm-opponent-3pm"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#team-3pm-opponent-3pm" aria-label="Anchor link for: team-3pm-opponent-3pm">Team 3PM &gt; Opponent 3PM</a></h3> <p>The second aspect I want to explore is the raw output (3PM), i.e. what if a team makes more 3's than its opponent? Here is how often the teams win in those situations:</p> <!--  --> <img src="./nba_3pt_winning_6.png" width="500" height="400"> <p>We see that teams win anywhere between 64-68% when they make more 3s than their opponents. This translates to 52.5 to 56 wins in an 82-game season. The win percentage has stabilized at around 66.9% over the past 3 seasons, equivalent to around 55 wins.</p> <p>So, we can conclude that making more 3-pointers than opponents plays a huge role in winning, and teams win around 2/3rd of their games in such situations.</p> <h3 id="team-3pm-opponent-3pm-2"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#team-3pm-opponent-3pm-2" aria-label="Anchor link for: team-3pm-opponent-3pm-2">Team 3PM &gt; Opponent 3PM + 2</a></h3> <p>What if a team makes 2 more 3 pointers than their opponents:</p> <!--  --> <img src="./nba_3pt_winning_7.png" width="500" height="400"> <p>In such situations, we see that the teams win anywhere between 70% and 74% of their games, which translates to 57.5 to 61 wins. If we consider an average win % of 72 we get to 59 wins, which is 4 wins higher than when teams just make more 3s than opponents. </p> <h2 id="how-often-does-a-team-win-when-it-is-more-accurate-than-its-opponent-from-3pt-range"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#how-often-does-a-team-win-when-it-is-more-accurate-than-its-opponent-from-3pt-range" aria-label="Anchor link for: how-often-does-a-team-win-when-it-is-more-accurate-than-its-opponent-from-3pt-range">How often does a team win when it is more accurate than its opponent from 3PT range:</a></h2> <h3 id="team-3pt-opponent-3pt"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#team-3pt-opponent-3pt" aria-label="Anchor link for: team-3pt-opponent-3pt">Team 3PT% &gt; Opponent 3PT%</a></h3> <p>Next, I want to explore how important the accuracy i.e., the 3PT percentage (3PT%), rather than makes, is to team winning. Here is how often teams win in those situations:</p> <!--  --> <img src="./nba_3pt_winning_8.png" width="500" height="400"> <p>We see that teams win anywhere between 68-74% when they make more 3s than their opponents. This translates to 55 to 60.5 wins in an 82-game season. The win percentage is around 70.5% over the past 2 seasons, equivalent to around 58 wins.</p> <p>Thus, we see that teams win at a slightly higher rate when they're more accurate from 3, compared to just making more 3s.</p> <h3 id="team-3pt-opponent-3pt-5"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#team-3pt-opponent-3pt-5" aria-label="Anchor link for: team-3pt-opponent-3pt-5">Team 3PT% &gt; Opponent 3PT% + 5%</a></h3> <p>Now, what if team 3PT% is 5% higher than opponent 3PT%:</p> <!--  --> <img src="./nba_3pt_winning_9.png" width="500" height="400"> <p>In this situation, teams win anywhere between 72% and 81%, which is a much higher percentage than the previous situations explored. This is equivalent to 59-66.5 wins during an 82-game season. We observe an increasing trend in win% in this condition from 2014-2021, peaking at 80.8% during the 2020-21 season. Then, there was a slight drop off to 79.8% during 2021-22 and 79.6% during 2022-23, before going through a sharp drop off to 72.8% for this season. Since only a quarter of this season's games have been played as of today, there is a chance that this number might rise by the end of the season. I think we have to revisit and observe the trend at the end of the season.</p> <p>So, removing this season, the teams are winning at around 80%, equivalent to 65.5 wins when the teams' 3PT% is 5% higher than the opponent's 3PT%. This condition shows a much higher correlation to winning than the previous conditions, which were closer to 55-58 wins.</p> <h2 id="conclusion"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#conclusion" aria-label="Anchor link for: conclusion">Conclusion</a></h2> <p>Analyzing the 3PT trends over the past 10 seasons shows that 3PT accuracy correlates greatly to winning. Teams win 80% of their games when team 3PT% is 5% higher than opponent 3PT%, equivalent to 65.5 wins during an 82-game season. This number shows the importance of accurate 3PT shooting to winning in the NBA.</p> <p>Thank you for reading, and any feedback is appreciated. You can reach me on Twitter at <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA">@SravanNBA</a>.</p> 2023-11-29T00:00:00+00:00 2023-11-29T00:00:00+00:00 Unknown https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-euro-foul/ <p>This blog is an update to my <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://medium.com/basketballobservations/frustration-fouls-in-the-nba-4fed20ca0075">first</a> and <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://medium.com/basketballobservations/euro-fouls-in-the-nba-c8d8cee7a3a8">second</a> blogs written almost three years ago. As mentioned in <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-sosadj/">my previous post</a>, these posts were when I was new to NBA analytics and python coding, and even blogging. Updating them would hopefully convey my ideas better. Another reason for updating the post is to move it to my current blog, which is completely written on my computer and deployed automatically using github through cloudflare pages. You can actually find my blog on <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/sravanpannala/blog">github</a>. It is written in markdown and the webpages are created using <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.getzola.org/">zola</a>, giving me a fast and slick way for customizing the blog to my needs, instead of me confirming to Medium's workflow. </p> <h2 id="introduction"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#introduction" aria-label="Anchor link for: introduction">Introduction</a></h2> <p>Fastbreaks in basketball are fun, right? They produce highlight-reel dunks, posters, alley-oops, special passes, and more. It is breathtaking to see tall humans flying up the court with the ball and pulling out spectacular moves. Fastbreaks or transition basketball are also the most efficient way to score the basketball. On average, teams score more than <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.nba.com/stats/teams/transition?SeasonYear=2023-24&amp;SeasonType=Regular+Season&amp;sort=PPP&amp;dir=1">1.11 PPP</a> (points per possession) in transition. So, what are defenses doing to counter this super-efficient type of offense? They are fouling intentionally early in the possession to stop the fastbreaks from even happening, i.e., nipping them in the bud.</p> <div class="yv"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/Mo907oFXa-w" title="Youtube" class="yvi" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p style="text-align: center;">Here you see the Jazz Euro-fouling Kevin Durant to stop the fastbreak</p> <p>This intentional foul is called a Euro-foul. They are named that way because the Euro-foul originated from the European game. The NBA calls Euro fouls as transition take fouls and defines them as:</p> <blockquote> <p>An intentional foul committed by a defender to deprive the offensive team of a fast-break opportunity</p> </blockquote> <p>The NBA tried to <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://official.nba.com/example-of-clear-path-rule-simplifications/">curb Euro-fouls by making changes</a> to the <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/sports/wp/2018/08/27/the-nba-is-trying-to-speed-up-the-game-again-thats-good-for-the-league-and-for-fans/">clear-path rule</a> in 2018, but it didn’t fix the issue. The NBA has tried to address the issue again by introducing <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.nba.com/news/nba-board-of-governors-approves-heightened-penalty-for-transition-take-foul">transition take foul rule</a> at the start of 2022-23 season by increasing the <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nba/news/take-foul-transition-rule-penalties-clear-path-nba/wmsl3amguhycebagau4mmd5i">penalty for transition take foul</a> in addition to the existing clear-path rule. Before the NBA changed the rule in 2022, the penalty for a take foul was a common foul for a defender and a side out for the offensive team. Now, in addition to the previous penalties, the offensive team is awarded one free throw, which can be taken by any player on that team. This new rule change, almost guarantees 1 point on the possession. </p> <p>This article will quantify Euro fouls prior to the 2018 rule clear path rule change, between 2018-2022 and finally after the 2022 transition take foul rule change. Then, we can see if the rule changes regarding Euro fouls are effective or not.</p> <h2 id="euro-foul-estimation"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#euro-foul-estimation" aria-label="Anchor link for: euro-foul-estimation">Euro foul Estimation</a></h2> <h3 id="definition"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#definition" aria-label="Anchor link for: definition">Definition</a></h3> <p>Let’s first get the nitty-gritty stuff out of the way. To write an algorithm for estimating Euro fouls, I have a come up with a definition of Euro foul, which can be coded:</p> <blockquote> <p>A Euro-foul is one committed by a player within 5 seconds of his team committing a turnover or missing a shot.</p> </blockquote> <h3 id="algorithm"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#algorithm" aria-label="Anchor link for: algorithm">Algorithm</a></h3> <p>To estimate Euro fouls using the above definition, I used <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/bballport">Darryl Blackport’s</a> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://pbpstats.readthedocs.io/en/latest/">pbpstats API</a>. It allows getting details of what happens in each possession for all the games in an NBA season. We can identify if a foul happens on the possession and if the previous possession ends in a missed shot or a turnover. We can then filter for situations when the foul occurs within 5 seconds of the previous possession and if the previous possession was a missed shot/turnover by the team. A similar algorithm can also be done to calculate the number of Euro-fouls, and this analysis will be a part of a future article. Here is the code implemented in python to filter the necessary possessions:</p> <pre data-lang="python" class="language-python z-code"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="z-source z-python"><span class="z-meta z-statement z-conditional z-if z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">isinstance</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">possession_event</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Foul</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-python">and</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-group z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-support z-function z-builtin z-python">isinstance</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">possession_event</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">previous_event</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-arguments z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">Turnover</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-python">or</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-python">not</span> <span class="z-meta z-sequence z-tuple z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">possession_event</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">previous_event</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-sequence z-python">,</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">FieldGoal</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-sequence z-end z-python">)</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-group z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-python">and</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">possession_event</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">seconds_since_previous_event</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">&lt;=</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-decimal z-python">5</span><span class="z-punctuation z-separator z-annotation z-variable z-python">:</span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-statement z-conditional z-if z-python"><span class="z-keyword z-control z-conditional z-if z-python">if</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">possession_event</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teamID</span></span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-comparison z-python">==</span> <span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">possession_event</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">previous_event</span><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">teamID</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-block z-conditional z-if z-python">:</span></span> </span><span class="z-source z-python"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-python"><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">euro_possessions</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-accessor z-dot z-python">.</span></span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-variable z-function z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">append</span></span></span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-python"><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-begin z-python">(</span><span class="z-meta z-qualified-name z-python"><span class="z-meta z-generic-name z-python">possession_event</span></span><span class="z-punctuation z-section z-arguments z-end z-python">)</span></span> </span></code></pre> <p>As I get all the nerdy stuff out of the way, let us now look at the results.</p> <h2 id="euro-fouls-trends-since-2012-13"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#euro-fouls-trends-since-2012-13" aria-label="Anchor link for: euro-fouls-trends-since-2012-13">Euro-Fouls trends since 2012-13</a></h2> <p>To analyze the trends we need to estimate the total Euro fouls per season. This can be done easily by summing up all Euro fouls committed by all NBA teams. But, we can't use the total Euro fouls per season to compare trends across seasons because not all season lengths are same. Both the 2019-20 and 2020-21 season were shortened due to COVID. Also 2023-24 season is being played right now, so it wont have the usual 1230 games played during an NBA season. So, I normalize the total Euro fouls per season by dividing with number of games played during that season. This results in an interesting plot:</p> <p><img src="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-euro-foul/./nba_euro_1.png" alt="Euro Fouls Per Game" /></p> <p>Euro fouls were consistently around the 2.3 PG (per game) number from 2012-2016. There was a negligible decrease in Euro fouls PG after the clear path rule changes in 2018. But the Euro fouls grew a lot in 2021 and 2022 seasons, reaching an all-time high on 2.4 PG during the 2021-22 season. This probably prompted the NBA to curb the Euro foul by introducing the transition take rule in 2022. As we can see in the figure, the rule change resulted in a drastic decrease in Euro fouls PG from 2.4 to 1.75 last season. This decrease has carried on to this season with Euro fouls PG being 1.9. Hence, the transition take foul rule change has been one of the most effective rule changes that the NBA has introduced to improve its quality of play.</p> <h2 id="euro-foul-team-leaderboards-for-2014-23"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#euro-foul-team-leaderboards-for-2014-23" aria-label="Anchor link for: euro-foul-team-leaderboards-for-2014-23">Euro-Foul Team Leaderboards for 2014-23</a></h2> <p>Now, we want to see whether there are some teams which consistently exploited the Euro fouls over the past 9 seasons. Here is a table which shows total Euro fouls committed during two 4-year periods from 2014-18 and from 2018-22 and also last season 2022-23:</p> <p><img src="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-euro-foul/./nba_euro_2.png" alt="Euro Fouls Team Leaderboards" /></p> <p>These are my observations:</p> <ul> <li>Utah Jazz consistently commit the most Euro fouls, ranking top 2 in all three leaderboards. Their propensity for Euro-fouling was especially evident in their playoff series against the Thunder in 2018, where they ground down the Thunder offense by repeatedly Euro-fouling Russell Westbrook to prevent him from doing his devastating forays in transition. You can read an excellent <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.normantranscript.com/oklahoma/jazz-trying-to-win-on-the-margins-by-euro-fouling-thunder/article_5e1ce470-44e8-11e8-a6a8-9f78181fe172.html">article</a> on this by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="http://twitter.com/FredKatz">Fred Katz</a>. Also, the Utah Jazz consistently ranked in the <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.nba.com/stats/teams/transition?sort=POSS_PCT&amp;dir=-1&amp;SeasonType=Regular+Season&amp;TypeGrouping=defensive&amp;SeasonYear=2018-19">top 3</a> in limiting transition opportunities from 2016-19. From 2019-22 they were ranked in the top 10. This changed due to the transition take rule change, they have been ranked in bottom 2 in 2022-23 and dead last in the current (2023-24) NBA season.</li> <li>Reams which rank in top 10 for both 2014-19 and 2018-22 are the Denver Nuggets, Los Angeles Clippers and Washington Wizards. Also, Jokic has a particular propensity of committing both Euro and Frustration fouls. This will be tackled in the sequel to this blog.</li> <li>Teams which rank in top 10 for both 2018-22 and 2022-23 are Houston Rockets and New York Knicks. </li> </ul> <p>From this data, I can infer that Euro-fouling is a coaching decision made by certain coaches to prevent fastbreaks. This is because the same teams show up in these lists multiple times. These coaches are willing to trade-off fouls with stopping fastbreak attacks, particularly when the other team has a superb transition attack or if they have a player who excels in transition.</p> <h2 id="conclusions"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#conclusions" aria-label="Anchor link for: conclusions">Conclusions</a></h2> <p>We have seen that Euro fouls were being exploited by NBA teams to prevent highly efficient transition plays and this problem was getting worse over time. NBA stepping in with the transition take foul rule change, which has been supremely effective in curbing Euro fouls. </p> <p>I'll release the Part II of my Foul Analysis series which would analyze frustration fouls sometime in the next few days. Be on a lookout for that blog. </p> <p>Thank you for reading and any feedback is appreciated. You can reach me on Twitter at <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA">@SravanNBA</a>.</p> 2023-11-28T00:00:00+00:00 2023-11-28T00:00:00+00:00 Unknown https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-sosadj-table/ <ul> <li>Updated Daily</li> <li>Offensive, Defensive, and Net Ratings are adjusted for Strength of Schedule with an RAPM styled approach using Ridge Regression</li> </ul> <h1 id="nba-adjusted-efficiency-interactive-landscape"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#nba-adjusted-efficiency-interactive-landscape" aria-label="Anchor link for: nba-adjusted-efficiency-interactive-landscape">NBA Adjusted Efficiency Interactive Landscape</a></h1> <div > <iframe title="NBA Team Adjusted Ratings" aria-label="Table" id="datawrapper-chart-XW5RE" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/XW5RE/1/" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;" height="1708" data-external="1"> </iframe> <script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data["datawrapper-height"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var t in a.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r<e.length;r++)if(e[r].contentWindow===a.source){var i=a.data["datawrapper-height"][t]+"px";e[r].style.height=i}}}))}(); </script> </div><h1 id="nba-team-adjusted-ratings-interactive-table"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#nba-team-adjusted-ratings-interactive-table" aria-label="Anchor link for: nba-team-adjusted-ratings-interactive-table">NBA Team Adjusted Ratings Interactive Table</a></h1> <div > <iframe title="NBA Team Adjusted Ratings" aria-label="Table" id="datawrapper-chart-dwaaY" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/dwaaY/2/" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;" height="1708" data-external="1"> </iframe> <script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data["datawrapper-height"]){var e=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var t in a.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r<e.length;r++)if(e[r].contentWindow===a.source){var i=a.data["datawrapper-height"][t]+"px";e[r].style.height=i}}}))}(); </script> </div> 2023-11-26T00:00:00+00:00 2023-11-26T00:00:00+00:00 Unknown https://blog.sradjoker.cc/about/ <p>This is the tech blog of <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/sradjoker">sradjoker</a> (Sravan Pannala).</p> <p>Also has NBA analytics related stuff of <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SravanNBA">SravanNBA</a></p> <p>I work on Lithium-Ion battery research during the day.</p> <p>In my free time I like exploring linux/tech related stuff.</p> <p>I'm a huge NBA fan, so I also like exploring NBA using stats and data visualization.</p> <p>I also like playing with micro-controllers and SBCs like Raspberry Pi. </p> <p>I develop the <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://arm.endeavouros.com">EndeavourOS</a> ARM edition, for the Raspberry Pi and Odroid N2+.</p> 2023-11-26T00:00:00+00:00 2023-11-26T00:00:00+00:00 Unknown https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-sosadj/ <p>This blog post goes through my process of adjusting NBA Teams' Offensive and Defensive Ratings for strength of schedule (SoS). This is the my first NBA post on this blog. Hopefully there will be more in the future. I'll try to update my earlier blog posts on my Medium blog <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://medium.com/basketballobservations">basketballobservations</a> here too. Those posts were when I was new to NBA analytics and python coding, and even blogging. I've improved a lot since and even written a few more blog posts, so hopefully the updated posts will be a lot better.</p> <h2 id="introduction"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#introduction" aria-label="Anchor link for: introduction">Introduction</a></h2> <p>In NBA we measure a team's performance by using efficiency stats such as Offensive, Defensive and Net Ratings. Earlier in a NBA season, the teams play wildly different schedules. Some teams play a lot of weak teams and some teams play a lot of hard teams. Let's say a team playing weak teams is winning by a lot. Now, how do we differentiate that team from a team playing strong teams but is winning only by a little? Also, there are teams who are facing bad luck. By bad luck I mean outlier opponent shooting etc. So adjusting the team's ratings by strength of schedule and/or luck will give us a better indicator of a team's performance than raw (unadjusted) ratings.</p> <h2 id="motivation"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#motivation" aria-label="Anchor link for: motivation">Motivation</a></h2> <p>This work was inspired by a tweet by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/NBACouchside">Kevin</a>. He <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/NBACouchside/status/1720610641281429771">produced Opponent Adjusted 4-Factor ratings</a> which adjust for HCA using regression of 4 Factor components with Bayesian Padding. On the same day <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/knarsu3">Krishna Narsu</a> (creator of all-in-one metric <code>LEBRON</code>), also released his <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/knarsu3/status/1611511553588600832">luck adjusted ratings</a> which uses both 4 factors and shot quality data. The method used by him for adjustment was <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/bbstats">Nathan Walkers's</a> LeHigh method. I tried looking into how these were done but quickly realized that I was out of my depth and have to start with something more simple. And the approach I went with is literally called simple rating system (SRS). Approximately 10 days after Krishna's and Kevin's tweets, I found another <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/JerryEngelmann/status/1723566732038799456">adjusted ratings tweet</a> using a SRS approach, this time by <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/JerryEngelmann">Jerry</a> who is the creator of ESPN's Real Plus Minus. I replied to asking how the adjustments were done, and he helped me with getting my algorithm for estimating the adjusted ratings set up. You can find our conversation <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://x.com/SravanNBA/status/1724250684181348458?s=20">here</a>.</p> <h2 id="srs-method"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#srs-method" aria-label="Anchor link for: srs-method">SRS Method</a></h2> <p>So, what exactly is the SRS approach? The original page on basketball-reference's website is unavailable but you can find the archived version <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031224357/http://www.pro-football-reference.com/blog/index4837.html">here</a>. Please read that article if you want to know the details and math, because I won't do through them here. </p> <h2 id="modified-srs-method"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#modified-srs-method" aria-label="Anchor link for: modified-srs-method">Modified SRS Method</a></h2> <p>The approach used in the article, works on adjusting the net ratings for SoS but not for offensive and defensive ratings. So, Jerry suggested this approach:</p> <blockquote> <p>2 rows per game, double the variables (team-off, team-def). Instead of point differential use offensive efficiency of the offensive team, in that game</p> </blockquote> <p>Translating that to an equation form we have: $$\hat{Team}^1_{OFF} + \hat{Team}^2_{DEF} = Team^1_{OFF} $$ $$\hat{Team}^2_{OFF} + \hat{Team}^1_{DEF} = Team^2_{OFF} $$</p> <p>which means that the team's offensive rating depends on their own estimated offensive rating and the opponents estimated offensive rating. But for unadjusted ratings we have, $$Team^1_{OFF} = Team^2_{DEF} $$ $$Team^2_{OFF} = Team^1_{DEF} $$</p> <p>which means that Team1's offensive rating is equal to Team2's defensive rating for that game. So, using that logic we can modify our estimation equation as: $$\frac{1}{2}\hat{Team}^1_{OFF} + \frac{1}{2}\hat{Team}^2_{DEF} = Team^1_{OFF} $$ $$\frac{1}{2}\hat{Team}^2_{OFF} + \frac{1}{2}\hat{Team}^1_{DEF} = Team^2_{OFF} $$ which takes care of normalization.</p> <p>So, we have two of these equations per game. Now we use an RAPM style approach to set up the regression problem. </p> <h2 id="estimating-ratings-using-rapm-style-approach"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#estimating-ratings-using-rapm-style-approach" aria-label="Anchor link for: estimating-ratings-using-rapm-style-approach">Estimating Ratings using RAPM style approach</a></h2> <p>You can find details on RAPM and how the math problem for RAPM is formulated <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://squared2020.com/2017/09/18/deep-dive-on-regularized-adjusted-plus-minus-i-introductory-example/">here</a>. We use the same approach here, with each stint being the game played with estimated variables here being team ratings instead of player RAPM.</p> <p>The regression problem is solved using Ridge-Regression method. From <code>scikit-learn</code>'s <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/linear_model.html#ridge-regression-and-classification">website</a>:</p> <blockquote> <p>Ridge regression addresses some of the problems of Ordinary Least Squares by imposing a penalty on the size of the coefficients. The ridge coefficients minimize a penalized residual sum of squares:</p> </blockquote> <p>$$\min_{w} || X w - y||_2^2 + \alpha ||w||_2^2$$ where $X$ is the LHS of our equation and $y$ is the RHS. We don't know the value of regularization parameter $\alpha$ here. We can estimate $\alpha$ automatically using <code>scikit-learn</code>'s <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.linear_model.RidgeCV.html#sklearn.linear_model.RidgeCV">Ridge-CV method</a> which performs Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation. Ridge-CV outputs $\alpha$, the values of adjusted team offensive and defensive ratings, and finally the intercept. Here is the equation for the fit: $$\hat{y}(w, x) = w_0 + w_1 x_1 + w_2 x_2$$ where $w_1$ is Team1 offensive rating, $w_2$ is Team2 defensive rating, $\hat{y}(w, x)$ is the actual Team1 offensive rating, and $w_0$ is the intercept. The intercept can be interpreted as the average value of offensive and defensive ratings of all teams. We have to add the intercept value to the team ratings the algorithm spits out to get the actual values of adjusted team ratings like so:</p> <p>$$\hat{Team}^1_{aOFF} = w_0 + w_1 x_1$$ $$\hat{Team}^2_{aDEF} = w_0 + w_2 x_2$$</p> <p>Finally we can calculate Net Rating as so:</p> <p>$$ Team_{aNET} = Team_{aOFF} - Team_{aDEF}$$</p> <h2 id="analyzing-results"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#analyzing-results" aria-label="Anchor link for: analyzing-results">Analyzing Results</a></h2> <p>The plot below shows the fit of adjusted vs unadjusted net ratings.</p> <p><img src="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-sosadj/./nba_sosadj_1.png" alt="R2" /></p> <p>We can see that the adjusted net ratings and unadjusted net rating are very close to each other with an $r^2 = 0.986$. But this doesn't mean that it doesn't affect the final ranking of net ratings or off/def ratings. The changes in rankings in net ratings are observed mostly in the middle of the table as can be seen in the below table:</p> <p><img src="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-sosadj/./nba_sosadj_2.png" alt="Table1" /></p> <p>Here is another table which shows how much the ratings are affected my strength of schedule. The movement (M) column in the table indicates how much the rating has moved is calculated as </p> <p>$$ Movement = Adjusted Rating Rank - Unadjusted Rating Rank $$</p> <p><img src="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-sosadj/./nba_sosadj_3.png" alt="Table2" /></p> <p>We can see that Pelicans and Rockets have lost the most on offense, while Clippers and Heat have gained the most. Similarly on defense, Bulls have lost the most, while Suns have gained the most ranks. Finally in Net rating, Mavs have gained the most while the Warriors have lost the most ranks.</p> <h2 id="visualizing-the-net-ratings-efficiency-landscape"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#visualizing-the-net-ratings-efficiency-landscape" aria-label="Anchor link for: visualizing-the-net-ratings-efficiency-landscape">Visualizing the Net Ratings: Efficiency Landscape</a></h2> <p><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/kirkgoldsberry">Kirk Goldsberry</a> has popularized the <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://x.com/kirkgoldsberry/status/1728091510086742216?s=20">efficiency landscape graph</a>, which is nothing but a simple plot showing offensive rating on the x axis and defensive rating on the y axis. Here is the efficiency landscape using my adjusted ratings:</p> <p><img src="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/nba-sosadj/./nba_sosadj_4.png" alt="Efficiency Landscape" /></p> <h2 id="conclusions"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#conclusions" aria-label="Anchor link for: conclusions">Conclusions</a></h2> <p>Hope this blog shows what adjusted ratings are and how to do them. The code used to generate figures from this blog can be found at: <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/sravanpannala/NBA/blob/master/Leaderboards/nba_SOS_adj.ipynb">https://github.com/sravanpannala/NBA/blob/master/Leaderboards/nba_SOS_adj.ipynb</a>.<br /> You can also find adjusted team ratings regularly updated from <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.basketball-reference.com/leagues/NBA_2024_ratings.html#ratings">basketball reference</a> and <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://dunksandthrees.com/">Dunks&amp;Threes</a>.<br /> If I figure out how to do Home court adjustment (HCA) or luck adjustment, I'll try to publish a sequel to this post.</p> 2023-11-25T00:00:00+00:00 2023-11-25T00:00:00+00:00 Unknown https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/linux-calibre/ <p>After spending almost 2 months exploring the wonderful world of Linux, I got back to the reason why I started my Linux Journey. That is to create a (Calibre Web Server)[https://manual.calibre-ebook.com/server.html] which I can access on any device at home and optionally anywhere in the world. For that the first step is to install calibre using the Arch Linux package manager/ AUR helper <code>yay</code>:</p> <pre data-lang="bash" class="language-bash z-code"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">yay</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>S</span> calibre</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Then you have to copy your previous Library to your Linux computer that you want to use as the server. Then import this library during the initial configuration process. Calibre makes this process very easy. Now let us setup the options for the Calibre server before turning it on. Go to</p> <blockquote> <p>Preferences -&gt; Sharing -&gt; Sharing over the net</p> </blockquote> <p>In the options dialog you can optionally set the port and after that enable <code>Run server automatically when calibre starts</code>. Then, under the user accounts tab add a user and password and then enable <code>Allow user to make changes</code>. Apply settings and restart calibre. Now the server is running. Now open the calibre server in other computer on the local network by entering the server address (which can be found when clicking the Connect/Share button in the calibre topbar) in a new browser window. The browser will ask you for the username and password, enter those to access your Calibre library. Voila, you can read your calibre books everywhere in your local network. The advantage of this is that the reading position and the highlights/notes are synced to your library which I feel is a really cool feature.</p> <p>What we want to do next to enable the calibre server to start at boot. To do this create a service to run calibre by create a file <code>/etc/systemd/system/calibre-server.service</code> with the following contents:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">[Unit] </span><span class="z-text z-plain">Description=calibre Content server </span><span class="z-text z-plain">After=network.target </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">[Service] </span><span class="z-text z-plain">Type=simple </span><span class="z-text z-plain">User=mylinuxuser </span><span class="z-text z-plain">Group=mylinuxgroup </span><span class="z-text z-plain">ExecStart=/usr/bin/calibre-server </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> </span><span class="z-text z-plain">[Install] </span><span class="z-text z-plain">WantedBy=multi-user.target </span></code></pre> <p>Now run the server and check its status:</p> <pre data-lang="bash" class="language-bash z-code"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> systemctl start calibre-server</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> systemctl status calibre-server</span> </span></code></pre> <p>If it is running properly, enable the service to start at boot using:</p> <pre data-lang="bash" class="language-bash z-code"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> systemctl enable calibre-server</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Congratulations, you have a calibre server which runs on startup. You may need to disable the service using </p> <pre data-lang="bash" class="language-bash z-code"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> systemctl disable calibre-server</span> </span></code></pre> <p>to open the Calibre GUI to make modifications to your library on the Linux computer. </p> <p>For accessing your server anywhere accross the world enable port forwarding on your router. This <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLLKtO-qlNM&amp;t=30s">YouTube Video</a> explains how to do this step. You can use services like <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.noip.com/">no-ip</a> to setup a normal address instead of remembering your IP address. After completing the previous step you can access your Calibre server anywhere in the world by going to </p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">yourserveraddress:port </span></code></pre> <p>I wasn't done after doing the above steps. I was wondering that if I can access my calibre-server remotely why can't I login to my computer remotely. One option I was aware of which could accomplish this is <code>ssh</code>. Now I will explain how to enable ssh in your linux computer and access it remotely. What we have to do is to edit the ssh configuration file by using the text editor of your choice (I use <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://micro-editor.github.io/">Micro</a>).</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">sudo micro /etc/ssh/sshd_config </span></code></pre> <p>In this file uncomment the port line and change the port number from <code>22</code> to <code>2222</code>. Save the file and start the <code>sshd service</code> using</p> <pre data-lang="bash" class="language-bash z-code"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> systemctl start sshd</span> </span></code></pre> <p>You can also enable the service to start at boot by using</p> <pre data-lang="bash" class="language-bash z-code"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> systemctl enable sshd</span> </span></code></pre> <p>To access your linux computer from your other computer (I use a Windows 10 PC as my daily driver), make sure that ssh is installed in your computer and then type this line in the terminal (I use Powershell on Windows Terminal):</p> <pre data-lang="bash" class="language-bash z-code"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">ssh</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> user@computer-name.local<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>p</span> 2222 </span> </span></code></pre> <p>The <code>.local</code> has to be added to the computer to indicate that the computer is in the local network. Now you are logged into your linux computer. You can use your Windows Terminal as regular linux shell and perform any commands as you'd like. You can't access the GUI yet. That would be a project to do another day. You can also add the host to your config file to access your linux computer more easily. Add these lines to your <code>ssh config file</code> (create if not yet created):</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">Host hostname </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> HostName computer-name.local </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> User username </span><span class="z-text z-plain"> Port 2222 </span></code></pre> <p>Now you can access this computer by using:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">ssh hostname </span></code></pre> <p>I hope you found my experience setting up calibre-server and remote login to linux computer using ssh helpful. Until next time, Caio!!!</p> 2022-08-24T00:00:00+00:00 2022-08-24T00:00:00+00:00 Unknown https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/linux-distributed-compiling/ <p>This blog post is a guide on using <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/icecc/icecream">Icecream</a> for both distributed compiling and distributed cross compiling to speed up package compilation times on your linux machines. Even though the commands used are specific to Arch Linux based systems, this guide can be adopted to any Linux distribution.</p> <h2 id="introduction"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#introduction" aria-label="Anchor link for: introduction">Introduction</a></h2> <p>I'm a developer for EndeavourOS ARM. I have to build some ARM SBC specific kernels to support those devices. But compiling Linux kernel on the Raspberry Pi takes about 2 hours. I wanted to reduce this compile time. A common way to do it is to use distributed cross-compiling. This means that we will use an x86_64 machine in addition to the ARM computer to build packages. Most people use <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Distcc">distcc</a> to perform this task. There are a few issues with distcc including my inability to make <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/ccache">ccache</a> work (ccache is a compiler cache which further improves build times), made me look for an alternative and thus I found <code>icecream</code>.</p> <h2 id="why-icecream"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#why-icecream" aria-label="Anchor link for: why-icecream">Why Icecream?</a></h2> <p>There are a few issues I have with <code>distcc</code>:</p> <ul> <li>You have to edit the configuration in all the computers in the cluster if even if you're adding a single new node. This makes the configurations hard to maintain and to scale. There is no need to do this in <code>icecream</code>. We just have to configure the new node being added. The node automatically gets detected by other computers in the cluster.</li> <li>There is no load scheduler in <code>distcc</code> i.e. the jobs get distributed to all computers in the order decided by the configuration even if the computer listed first in the config is already under heavy load. In <code>icecream</code> there is a centralized scheduler. This scheduler decides which computer to send the job to depending on several factors including node speed and availability. From <code>icecream</code>'s readme:</li> </ul> <blockquote> <p>Icecream uses a central server that dynamically schedules the compile jobs to the fastest free server. </p> </blockquote> <ul> <li>I wasn't able to get ccache working with <code>distcc</code> when I'm using <code>makepkg</code> (the tool used to build packages on Arch Linux based systems). I tried reading several wikis and tutorials and couldn't figure it out. Then Peter from CachyOS told me that <code>icecream</code> supports ccache and it's easier to configure it. This was the main reason I started exploring <code>icecream</code>. </li> </ul> <p>I hope that this guide will help you get started on your distributed compiling/cross-compiling endeavour with <code>icecream</code>.</p> <h2 id="setup"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#setup" aria-label="Anchor link for: setup">Setup</a></h2> <p>Lets go through the initial setup of <code>icecream</code>.</p> <ol> <li>Install icecream on all the computers you want to include in the compilation cluster. On Arch Linux based systems <code>icecream</code> is available in the AUR.</li> </ol> <pre data-lang="bash" class="language-bash z-code"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">yay</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>S</span> icecream</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Optionally install these monitoring tools (that are also available in the AUR): <code>icemon</code>: a GUI monitor tool or <code>icecream-sundae</code>: a TUI monitor tool. 2. Once you install icecream, choose a computer that you want to act as a scheduler and then start and enable <code>icecream-scheduler.service</code> on that computer.</p> <pre data-lang="bash" class="language-bash z-code"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> systemctl enable<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> --</span>now</span> icecream-scheduler.service</span> </span></code></pre> <ol start="3"> <li>After this, add the ip of the scheduler to the configuration file on the computers you want to be included in the cluster. The configuration file for <code>icecream</code> can be found on <code>/etc/icecream.conf</code>. In that file edit this line by adding the ip.</li> </ol> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">ICECREAM_SCHEDULER_HOST=&quot;scheduler ip here&quot; </span></code></pre> <ol start="4"> <li>In the same configuration file you can optionally configure the max number of jobs that can be allocated to that node parallelly. The default number used by <code>icecream</code> is the number of cores of the node.</li> </ol> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">ICECREAM_MAX_JOBS=&quot;number&quot; </span></code></pre> <ol start="5"> <li>After finishing the configuration, now start and enable <code>icecream.service</code></li> </ol> <pre data-lang="bash" class="language-bash z-code"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> systemctl enable<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> --</span>now</span> icecream.service</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Now you have <code>icecream</code> and <code>icecream-scheduler</code> running on your network. But you can't start using it for building packages before more configuration that I will show in the next section.</p> <h2 id="configuration"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#configuration" aria-label="Anchor link for: configuration">Configuration</a></h2> <p>If you want to cross compile using <code>icecream</code> use the instructions in the next subsection. If all the nodes in your cluster are of the same architecture, you can skip it.</p> <h3 id="configure-toolchain-for-cross-compiling"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#configure-toolchain-for-cross-compiling" aria-label="Anchor link for: configure-toolchain-for-cross-compiling">Configure toolchain for cross compiling</a></h3> <p>The most common cross-compiling scenario is using <code>x64</code> computers to compile for <code>aarch64</code> since ARM computers are generally not powerful. To compile <code>aarch64</code> on <code>x64</code> you first need to configure a cross-compiler toolchain. There is an AUR package that does most of it for you. You can install it by running</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">yay -S distccd-alarm-armv8 </span></code></pre> <h3 id="creating-icecream-environment"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#creating-icecream-environment" aria-label="Anchor link for: creating-icecream-environment">Creating icecream environment</a></h3> <p>Next you need to create an <code>icecream</code> environment to tell <code>icecream</code> that it has to use the cross-compiler instead of the normal x64 compiler. That can be done using</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">/usr/lib/icecream/bin/icecc-create-env --gcc /opt/x-tools8/aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu/bin/aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc /opt/x-tools8/aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu/bin/aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-g++ </span></code></pre> <p>This will create a tarball with the environment, which you then have to copy over to each ARM computer where you will run jobs from. If you want to use your local node for compiling you need to also generate a icecream environment for that. This step is not given in the official documentation but the local node wouldn't take part in compiling otherwise. You can do that by using:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">/usr/lib/icecream/bin/icecc --build-native </span></code></pre> <h3 id="configuring-path"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#configuring-path" aria-label="Anchor link for: configuring-path">Configuring Path</a></h3> <p>Next, you need to configure the <code>path</code> in your computer to tell it to use icecream for compiling instead of the inbuilt compiler. This configuration will also setup <code>icecream</code> to use <code>ccache</code>. So first install <code>ccache</code>:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">yay -S ccache </span></code></pre> <p>Then modify your path like so:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">export CCACHE_PREFIX=icecc </span><span class="z-text z-plain">export PATH=~/scripts:$PATH </span><span class="z-text z-plain">export PATH=/usr/lib/icecream/bin:$PATH </span><span class="z-text z-plain">export PATH=/usr/lib/ccache/bin/:$PATH </span><span class="z-text z-plain">export ICECC_VERSION=&lt;path to local icecream environment&gt;,x86_64:&lt;path to cross icecream environment&gt; </span></code></pre> <h3 id="configuring-makepkg"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#configuring-makepkg" aria-label="Anchor link for: configuring-makepkg">Configuring makepkg</a></h3> <p>Finally you need to configure <code>makepkg</code> to run more job parallelly. This can be done by editing <code>/etc/makepkg.conf</code> like so:</p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">MAKEFLAGS=&quot;-jN&quot; </span></code></pre> <p>where <code>N</code> is the number of jobs. A rule of thumb here is to set it as number of total threads available in the cluster.</p> <h2 id="monitoring"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#monitoring" aria-label="Anchor link for: monitoring">Monitoring</a></h2> <p>Congratulations on getting this far. Now you can use <code>makepkg</code> to build packages using <code>icecream</code>. You can monitor it using either <code>icemon</code> or <code>icecream-sundae</code> that you may have installed earlier. <code>icemon</code> screen looks like this: <img src="https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/linux-distributed-compiling/./dist_comp_1.png" alt="" /> One of the common issues is the firewall blocking the ports for <code>icecream</code> so make sure that this port is open on all nodes. </p> <pre class="z-code"><code><span class="z-text z-plain">UDP Source Port 8765 </span></code></pre> <h2 id="conclusion"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#conclusion" aria-label="Anchor link for: conclusion">Conclusion</a></h2> <p>I hope you enjoy your newfound power to build packages quickly even on less powerful computers. One advantage on the above setup is that even building of AUR packages using AUR helpers like <code>yay</code> or <code>paru</code> will now use distributed compiling which will make your normal updates faster.</p> <p>Final words:</p> <blockquote> <p>Compile Responsibly</p> </blockquote> <h2 id="resources"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#resources" aria-label="Anchor link for: resources">Resources</a></h2> <ul> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/icecc/icecream">GitHub - icecc/icecream: Distributed compiler with a central scheduler to share build load</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Distcc#Cross_compiling_with_distcc">Archwiki - distcc cross compiling</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://blogs.igalia.com/siglesias/2021/12/09/Cross-compiling-with-icecream/">Cross-compiling with icecream - Samuel Iglesias Gonsálvez's blog</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.methodpark.de/blog/the-c-c-developers-guide-to-avoiding-office-swordfights-part-2-icecream/">The C/C++ Developer’s Guide to Avoiding Office Swordfights – Part 2: icecream</a></li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://savago.wordpress.com/2012/11/23/icecc-setup-how-to/">icecc setup how to</a></li> </ul> 2022-07-03T00:00:00+00:00 2022-07-03T00:00:00+00:00 Unknown https://blog.sradjoker.cc/now/ <h2 id="august-2022">August 2022</h2> <ul> <li>Created a custom Arch repo for hosting self built packages use mainly for testing purposes.</li> <li>Started adding Pinebook Pro support to EndeavourOS</li> <li>Using systemd nspawn to build packages in a clean chroot</li> <li>Setting up cloudflare workers to mirror my custom Arch repo</li> </ul> <h2 id="july-2022">July 2022</h2> <ul> <li>Using Calamares in x64 environment for the complete installation of EndeavourOS ARM</li> <li>Using icecream distributed compiler and ccache to speed put package builds</li> <li>Exploring WireGuard based VPN Tailscale to connect multiple computers in different network so as to use them for distributed compiling</li> <li>Learning and using PyQt</li> <li>Exploring file permissions on Linux</li> <li>Finish setting up my blog and server</li> </ul> <h2 id="june-2022">June 2022</h2> <ul> <li>Preparing for EndeavourOS Artemis Release</li> <li>Integrating ARM install script inside x64 Live ISO</li> <li>Writing simple bash programs to execute repitive tasks</li> <li>Exploring the TIG (Telegraf InfluxDB Graphana) Stack to log and visualize data from my computers</li> <li>Learning more about systemd services, creating and enabling them for certain tasks like using rsync to copy files at a repeated interval</li> </ul> <h2 id="may-2022">May 2022</h2> <ul> <li>Graphical install process for EndeavourOS ARM</li> <li>Building kernels and other packages for ARM repo</li> <li>Using pacman cache servers to reduce bandwith for package downloads and to speed up image build tiems</li> </ul> <h2 id="april-2022">April 2022</h2> <ul> <li>Adding btrfs option for EndeavourOS ARM install</li> <li>Improving EndeavourOS ARM install using Wi-Fi</li> </ul> 2022-07-03T00:00:00+00:00 2022-07-03T00:00:00+00:00 Unknown https://blog.sradjoker.cc/posts/linux-journey-1-wsl/ <p>This is the first blog post in a series of posts that will be documenting my Linux journey. Let me start with how I discovered Linux and started using it.</p> <h2 id="beginnings"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#beginnings" aria-label="Anchor link for: beginnings">Beginnings</a></h2> <p>I have been a Windows user for my whole life. My first operating system was either Windows 98 or Windows 2000. My daily driver is an HP Spectre x360 laptop running on Windows 10. My first exposure to Linux was using it during an internship for CFD simulations back in 2014. I had to remote onto a Linux server to run my complex CFD simulations that took days to run. The next time I used Linux is to run <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.pybamm.org/">PyBaMM</a> a python based battery modeling software using WSL in October 2021. This is because some of the solvers don't work in Windows and the documentation recommends using WSL for people who want to develop PyBaMM. </p> <h2 id="installing-wsl"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#installing-wsl" aria-label="Anchor link for: installing-wsl">Installing WSL</a></h2> <p>From Microsoft's <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/">documentation</a>: </p> <blockquote> <p>WSL or Windows Subsystem for Linux lets users run a Linux environment directly on Windows without the overhead of a traditional virtual machine or dual-boot setup. WSL is a type 1 hypervisor VM, which means no compatibility layer between itself and hardware. So, you are getting 100% of the performance, and it's as close to bare metal as a VM can be. </p> </blockquote> <p>To get started just enter this command in a PowerShell:</p> <pre data-lang="ps1" class="language-ps1 z-code"><code class="language-ps1" data-lang="ps1"><span class="z-source z-powershell">wsl <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-powershell">-</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-powershell">-</span>install </span></code></pre> <p>To see a list of available distros:</p> <pre data-lang="ps1" class="language-ps1 z-code"><code class="language-ps1" data-lang="ps1"><span class="z-source z-powershell">wsl <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-powershell">-</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-powershell">-</span>list <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-powershell">-</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-powershell">-</span>online </span><span class="z-source z-powershell"> </span><span class="z-source z-powershell">NAME FRIENDLY NAME </span><span class="z-source z-powershell">Ubuntu Ubuntu </span><span class="z-source z-powershell">Debian Debian GNU<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-powershell">/</span>Linux </span><span class="z-source z-powershell">kali<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-powershell">-</span>linux Kali Linux Rolling </span><span class="z-source z-powershell">openSUSE<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-powershell">-</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-powershell">42</span> openSUSE Leap <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-powershell">42</span> </span><span class="z-source z-powershell">SLES<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-powershell">-</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-powershell">12</span> SUSE Linux Enterprise Server v12 </span><span class="z-source z-powershell">Ubuntu<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-powershell">-</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-powershell">16.04</span> Ubuntu <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-powershell">16.04</span> LTS </span><span class="z-source z-powershell">Ubuntu<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-powershell">-</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-powershell">18.04</span> Ubuntu <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-powershell">18.04</span> LTS </span><span class="z-source z-powershell">Ubuntu<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-powershell">-</span><span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-powershell">20.04</span> Ubuntu <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-powershell">20.04</span> LTS </span></code></pre> <p>Then you can install your choice of distro (for example Ubuntu):</p> <pre data-lang="ps1" class="language-ps1 z-code"><code class="language-ps1" data-lang="ps1"><span class="z-source z-powershell">wsl <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-powershell">-</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-powershell">-</span>install <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-powershell">-</span>d Ubuntu </span></code></pre> <p>Finally, ensure that you are using WSL 2:</p> <pre data-lang="ps1" class="language-ps1 z-code"><code class="language-ps1" data-lang="ps1"><span class="z-source z-powershell">wsl <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-powershell">-</span><span class="z-keyword z-operator z-assignment z-powershell">-</span><span class="z-support z-function z-powershell">set-version</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-redirection z-powershell">&lt;</span>distro name<span class="z-keyword z-operator z-redirection z-powershell">&gt;</span> <span class="z-constant z-numeric z-integer z-powershell">2</span> </span></code></pre> <p>You can then enter wsl with this simple command:</p> <pre data-lang="ps1" class="language-ps1 z-code"><code class="language-ps1" data-lang="ps1"><span class="z-source z-powershell">wsl </span></code></pre> <p>This takes you to Ubuntu's command line in the terminal you are using on Windows. </p> <p>I chose Ubuntu as my distro as it is the most popular Linux out there and I've heard its name before. Also, for WSL the best available choice is Ubuntu as it was the first distro supported by WSL and is currently the distro with the best support and documentation. </p> <h2 id="running-ubuntu-on-wsl"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#running-ubuntu-on-wsl" aria-label="Anchor link for: running-ubuntu-on-wsl">Running Ubuntu on WSL</a></h2> <p>The first command I learnt and used in Ubuntu is the update command:</p> <pre data-lang="bash" class="language-bash z-code"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> apt update</span> <span class="z-keyword z-operator z-logical z-and z-shell">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> apt dist-upgrade</span> </span></code></pre> <p>Afer this, the first thing I installed was <code>software-properties-common</code> and then installing a PPA to get <code>python 3.9</code>. I didn't know what a PPA was or that they have to be used with care. I just ran commands I needed to get the python version I needed to run PyBaMM. </p> <pre data-lang="bash" class="language-bash z-code"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> apt install software-properties-common </span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">sudo</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">curl</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py<span class="z-variable z-parameter z-option z-shell"><span class="z-punctuation z-definition z-parameter z-shell"> -</span>o</span> get-pip.py</span> </span><span class="z-source z-shell z-bash"><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-shell"><span class="z-variable z-function z-shell">python3.9</span></span><span class="z-meta z-function-call z-arguments z-shell"> get-pip.py</span> </span></code></pre> <p>I will spare you the other details about what I did in Ubuntu and move on to one of the best features of WSL in my opinion. </p> <h2 id="vs-code-integration"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#vs-code-integration" aria-label="Anchor link for: vs-code-integration">VS Code Integration</a></h2> <p>From the VS Code <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/remote/wsl">documentation</a>:</p> <blockquote> <p>The Visual Studio Code Remote - WSL extension lets you use the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) as your full-time development environment right from VS Code. You can develop in a Linux-based environment, use Linux-specific toolchains and utilities, and run and debug your Linux-based applications all from the comfort of Windows.</p> </blockquote> <p>It is as simple as installing <code>Visual Studio Code Remote - WSL extension</code> in your VS Code on Windows and then inside WSL navigate to your project folder and type:</p> <pre data-lang="ps1" class="language-ps1 z-code"><code class="language-ps1" data-lang="ps1"><span class="z-source z-powershell">code . </span></code></pre> <p>This command opens your project folder that is on WSL in VS Code running on Windows. The best thing about this is that the experience is almost the same as working in VS Code normally on your project in Windows. All your VS Code settings, themes and extensions are there for your to use. The except is that some extensions like Python extension have to be installed seperately in WSL but that is sas simple as clicking a button. </p> <h2 id="conclusion"><a class="zola-anchor" href="#conclusion" aria-label="Anchor link for: conclusion">Conclusion</a></h2> <p>As shown in this blog post, we can see that WSL is a useful tool for running a Linux environment in Windows and doing some coding using VS Code. Using WSL made me familiar with the common Linux commands for updating the system, installing packages, removing packages and other basic bash commands like <code>cd</code>,<code>ls</code>,<code>mkdir</code>,<code>rm</code>,<code>cp</code> and the like. I had a good time using WSL and it made me more interested in Linux. Thus WSL was a starting point for my Linux Journey. </p> 2022-07-03T00:00:00+00:00 2022-07-03T00:00:00+00:00 Unknown https://blog.sradjoker.cc/uses/ <h2 id="hardware">Hardware</h2> <ul> <li>HP Spectre x360 (2017) running Windows 10</li> <li>Raspberry Pi 4 Model B Rev 1.5 running EndeavourOS ARM (MATE)</li> <li>Odroid N2+ running EndeavourOS ARM (KDE Plasma)</li> <li>Pinebook Pro running EndeavourOS ARM (Cinnamon)</li> <li>Lenovo Ideapad Z470 running EndeavourOS (Budgie)</li> <li>OnePlus 5 running LineageOS</li> <li>Onyx Boox Poke 3 Ebook Reader running Android 10.0</li> </ul> <h2 id="software">Software</h2> <ul> <li>Use <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://code.visualstudio.com/insiders/">VS Code - Insiders</a> as the primary code-editor for: <ul> <li>Python</li> <li>Latex</li> <li>Markdown</li> </ul> </li> <li>Use <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.dendron.so/">Dendron</a> extension for VS Code for note taking in markdown and organizing notes</li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://calibre-ebook.com/">Calibre</a> for ebook management</li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.sublimetext.com/">Sublime Text</a> for text editing</li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://neovim.io/">Neovim</a> for text editing</li> <li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://syncthing.net/">Syncthing</a> for syncing files across devices. </li> </ul>